{"schemaVersion":"cwiki-fiche-2.0","identifiers":{"inchiKey":"GRWFGVWFFZKLTI-UHFFFAOYSA-N","prefName":"α-Pinene","symbol":"alpha-Pinene","iupacName":"2,6,6-triméthylbicyclo[3.1.1]hept-2-ène","aliases":["alpha-pinène","α-pinene","alpha-pinene","pin-2(3)-ène","2-pinène","2,6,6-triméthylbicyclo[3.1.1]hept-2-ène"],"cas":"80-56-8","pubchemCid":"6654","chebiId":"CHEBI:36740","smiles":"CC1=CCC2CC1C2(C)C","molecularFormula":"C10H16","molecularWeight":136.23,"xrefs":{"pubchem":"https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/6654","chebi":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=CHEBI:CHEBI:36740"}},"classification":{"family":"terpene","familyLabel":"Terpene","origin":"plant","originLabel":"Plante","subgroup":"monoterpene","subgroupLabel":"Monoterpene","originCode":"E","originCodeLabel":"Enzymatic biosynthesis in the plant","originDebated":false,"chemicalClass":"Monoterpène bicyclique (hydrocarbure, sans le squelette des cannabinoïdes)","sideChain":null,"form":null,"parent":null,"pharmacologicalClass":null,"naturalTrace":null,"structuralClassFr":null},"originSynthesis":{"heading":"Biosynthetic pathway","summaryFr":"A bicyclic monoterpene formed by monoterpene synthases from geranyl pyrophosphate (GPP), the ten-carbon precursor of monoterpenes, itself usually derived from the methylerythritol phosphate pathway. In the trichomes of 'Finola' hemp, the enzyme CsTPS2FN produces mostly (+)-α-pinene, with small amounts of (+)-β-pinene, myrcene and (−)-limonene; the enzyme CsTPS5FN forms mainly myrcene and, among four other monoterpenes, (−)-α-pinene (23% of its products) (Booth 2017). GPP is also used in the biosynthesis of hemp's cannabinoids, but α-pinene, a ten-carbon hydrocarbon without an aromatic ring, does not belong to that pathway.","originNote":"A monoterpene widespread in the plant kingdom, produced notably by pine trees, rosemary and other aromatic herbs, and by cannabis; it is the main constituent of turpentine, which contains 44 to 94% of it (NTP 2026). Hemp makes it itself: in the female flowers of the 'Finola' variety, (+)-α-pinene accounts on average for 23 ± 17% of the monoterpenes (22 plants), and the transcript of the (+)-α-pinene synthase CsTPS2 was the most abundant of the six terpene synthase transcripts measured (Booth 2017). It is a terpene, not a cannabinoid.","discovered":""},"pharmacology":{"summaryFr":"α-Pinene is a bicyclic monoterpene, a terpene and not a cannabinoid: it does not carry the cannabinoid skeleton and does not act on cannabinoid receptors. In cells expressing the human receptors, it altered the activity of neither CB1 nor CB2, alone or combined with Δ9-THC, up to 100 µM (Santiago 2019), and neither displaced a radioligand nor altered cAMP signalling through these receptors at 10 µM (Finlay 2020): these two studies do not support an 'entourage effect' acting through the cannabinoid receptors. The 2021 study that calls some cannabis terpenes 'cannabimimetic' did not test α-pinene but β-pinene (LaVigne 2021). Other targets have been described at high concentration or in animals: inhibition of human acetylcholinesterase in vitro (IC50 = 0.63 mM, Perry 2000) and, in mice, a modulation of GABA-A receptors abolished by flumazenil, orally given (−)-α-pinene having lengthened non-rapid eye movement sleep and shortened sleep latency (Yang 2016). The main constituent of turpentine, present in pine trees, rosemary and cannabis (NTP 2026), it is formed in hemp trichomes by a (+)-α-pinene synthase (Booth 2017). In volunteers exposed by inhalation, pulmonary uptake was about 60% at the higher exposures (Falk 1990). In 2026 the National Toxicology Program concluded that there was clear evidence of carcinogenic activity in female rats and in mice of both sexes exposed for two years by inhalation, and some evidence in male rats (NTP 2026). In the United States, 21 CFR 172.515 lists it among the synthetic flavouring substances permitted in food.","receptorSummaryFr":"A terpene with no measurable activity at the cannabinoid receptors. In AtT20 cells expressing human CB1 or CB2, (+)-α-pinene, tested from 1 nM to 100 µM, changed neither the membrane potential nor the response to CP55,940 or Δ9-THC (Santiago 2019). At 10 µM it did not displace [3H]CP55,940 from membranes of HEK cells expressing human CB1 or CB2, and did not alter cAMP signalling through these receptors, alone or combined with Δ9-THC, cannabidiol or 2-AG (Finlay 2020). Nor did it activate human TRPA1 and TRPV1 channels at 10 µM (Heblinski 2020). The 2021 study that describes several cannabis terpenes as 'cannabimimetic' tested β-pinene, not α-pinene (LaVigne 2021). Other targets have been reported: in vitro it uncompetitively inhibits human erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase, with an IC50 of 0.63 mM (Perry 2000), and both of its enantiomers rank among the potent acetylcholinesterase inhibitors of 17 bicyclic monoterpenoids tested (Miyazawa 2005); in mice, (−)-α-pinene prolongs GABAergic synaptic transmission in hippocampal CA1 neurons, an effect abolished by flumazenil, and would bind the benzodiazepine site of the GABA-A receptor according to a molecular docking model (Yang 2016).","binding":[{"target":"CB1","efficacy":"unknown","measure":null,"valueNm":null,"species":"human","assay":"membrane potential (potassium channels), AtT20 cells expressing human CB1; (+)-α-pinene from 1 nM to 100 µM","source":{"label":"Santiago et al. 2019, Cannabis Cannabinoid Res","pmid":"31559333","doi":null,"url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6757242/"},"strength":null,"reported":"No change in membrane potential, nor in the response to CP55,940 (1 µM) or to Δ9-THC","confidence":"low"},{"target":"CB2","efficacy":"unknown","measure":null,"valueNm":null,"species":"human","assay":"membrane potential (potassium channels), AtT20 cells expressing human CB2; (+)-α-pinene from 1 nM to 100 µM","source":{"label":"Santiago et al. 2019, Cannabis Cannabinoid Res","pmid":"31559333","doi":null,"url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6757242/"},"strength":null,"reported":"No change in membrane potential, nor in the response to CP55,940 (1 µM) or to Δ9-THC","confidence":"low"},{"target":"CB1","efficacy":"unknown","measure":null,"valueNm":null,"species":"human","assay":"[3H]CP55,940 displacement, membranes of HEK cells expressing human CB1, and cAMP signalling (CAMYEL BRET biosensor); α-pinene at 10 µM","source":{"label":"Finlay et al. 2020, Front Pharmacol","pmid":"32269529","doi":null,"url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7109307/"},"strength":null,"reported":"Radioligand binding unchanged and cAMP not modified, alone or with Δ9-THC, cannabidiol or 2-AG","confidence":"low"},{"target":"CB2","efficacy":"unknown","measure":null,"valueNm":null,"species":"human","assay":"[3H]CP55,940 displacement, membranes of HEK cells expressing human CB2, and cAMP signalling (CAMYEL BRET biosensor); α-pinene at 10 µM","source":{"label":"Finlay et al. 2020, Front Pharmacol","pmid":"32269529","doi":null,"url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7109307/"},"strength":null,"reported":"Radioligand binding unchanged and cAMP not modified, alone or with Δ9-THC, cannabidiol or 2-AG","confidence":"low"},{"target":"TRPA1","efficacy":"unknown","measure":null,"valueNm":null,"species":"human","assay":"intracellular calcium, HEK Flp-In T-Rex cells expressing human TRPA1; (+)-α-pinene at 10 µM","source":{"label":"Heblinski et al. 2020, Cannabis Cannabinoid Res","pmid":"33376801","doi":null,"url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7759271/"},"strength":null,"reported":"No change in intracellular calcium, nor in activation by cinnamaldehyde, Δ9-THC or 2-AG","confidence":"low"},{"target":"TRPV1","efficacy":"unknown","measure":null,"valueNm":null,"species":"human","assay":"intracellular calcium, HEK Flp-In T-Rex cells expressing human TRPV1; (+)-α-pinene at 10 µM","source":{"label":"Heblinski et al. 2020, Cannabis Cannabinoid Res","pmid":"33376801","doi":null,"url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7759271/"},"strength":null,"reported":"No change in intracellular calcium, nor in activation by capsaicin or anandamide","confidence":"low"},{"target":"AChE","efficacy":"inhibitor","measure":"IC50","valueNm":630000,"species":"human","assay":"human erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase, Ellman method; uncompetitive and reversible inhibition","source":{"label":"Perry et al. 2000, J Pharm Pharmacol","pmid":"10933142","doi":null,"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10933142/"},"strength":4,"reported":null,"confidence":"high"},{"target":"AChE","efficacy":"inhibitor","measure":null,"valueNm":null,"species":null,"assay":null,"source":{"label":"Miyazawa & Yamafuji 2005, J Agric Food Chem","pmid":"15740071","doi":null,"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15740071/"},"strength":null,"reported":"(+)- and (−)-α-pinene among the potent inhibitors of the 17 bicyclic monoterpenoids tested (colorimetric method); uncompetitive inhibition","confidence":"low"},{"target":"Site des benzodiazépines (récepteur GABA-A)","efficacy":"modulator","measure":null,"valueNm":null,"species":"mouse","assay":"electrophysiology in hippocampal slices, CA1 pyramidal neurons; (−)-α-pinene","source":{"label":"Yang et al. 2016, Mol Pharmacol","pmid":"27573669","doi":null,"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27573669/"},"strength":null,"reported":"Lengthens the decay constant of spontaneous inhibitory postsynaptic currents; effect abolished by flumazenil; binding to the α1 and γ2 subunits proposed by molecular docking","confidence":"low"}],"references":[{"label":"Santiago et al. 2019, Cannabis Cannabinoid Res: « Absence of Entourage », terpenoids and Δ9-THC activity at human CB1 and CB2 receptors","pmid":"31559333","doi":null,"url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6757242/"},{"label":"Finlay et al. 2020, Front Pharmacol: terpenoids from cannabis, no entourage effect via cannabinoid receptors","pmid":"32269529","doi":null,"url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7109307/"},{"label":"Heblinski et al. 2020, Cannabis Cannabinoid Res: terpenoids, phytocannabinoids and TRPA1 and TRPV1 channels","pmid":"33376801","doi":null,"url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7759271/"},{"label":"LaVigne et al. 2021, Sci Rep: Cannabis sativa terpenes « cannabimimetic » (β-pinene tested, not α-pinene)","pmid":"33859287","doi":null,"url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8050080/"},{"label":"Booth et al. 2017, PLoS One: terpene synthases from Cannabis sativa","pmid":"28355238","doi":null,"url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5371325/"},{"label":"Yang et al. 2016, Mol Pharmacol: α-pinene, NREM sleep and GABAA-benzodiazepine receptors in mice","pmid":"27573669","doi":null,"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27573669/"},{"label":"Perry et al. 2000, J Pharm Pharmacol: in vitro inhibition of human erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase by Salvia lavandulaefolia oil and its terpenes","pmid":"10933142","doi":null,"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10933142/"},{"label":"Miyazawa & Yamafuji 2005, J Agric Food Chem: inhibition of acetylcholinesterase by bicyclic monoterpenoids","pmid":"15740071","doi":null,"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15740071/"},{"label":"Falk et al. 1990, Scand J Work Environ Health: uptake, distribution and elimination of alpha-pinene in humans after inhalation","pmid":"2255878","doi":null,"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2255878/"},{"label":"Levin et al. 1992, Int Arch Occup Environ Health: renal elimination of verbenols after alpha-pinene inhalation","pmid":"1587632","doi":null,"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1587632/"},{"label":"Eriksson & Levin 1990, Int Arch Occup Environ Health: identification of cis- and trans-verbenol in urine after occupational exposure to terpenes","pmid":"2228258","doi":null,"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2228258/"},{"label":"Schmidt & Göen 2017, Arch Toxicol: human metabolism of α-pinene and metabolite kinetics after oral administration","pmid":"26679931","doi":null,"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26679931/"},{"label":"Schmidt, Belov & Göen 2013, Anal Chim Acta: monitoring of monoterpene metabolites in human urine by GC-PCI-MS/MS","pmid":"23953203","doi":null,"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23953203/"},{"label":"Waidyanatha et al. 2021, Toxicol Appl Pharmacol: toxicokinetic evaluation of α-pinene and α-pinene oxide after inhalation in rodents","pmid":"33744279","doi":null,"url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8336714/"},{"label":"Silinski et al. 2020, J Anal Toxicol: quantitation of alpha-pinene in rodent blood and mammary gland by headspace GC-MS","pmid":"33336684","doi":null,"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33336684/"},{"label":"National Toxicology Program 2026, Technical Report 606: toxicology and carcinogenesis of α-pinene by inhalation in rats and mice","pmid":"42531438","doi":"10.22427/NTP-TR-606","url":"https://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/publications/reports/tr/tr606"},{"label":"Gomes-Carneiro et al. 2005, Food Chem Toxicol: beta-myrcene, alpha-terpinene and (+)- and (-)-alpha-pinene in the Salmonella/microsome test","pmid":"15621337","doi":null,"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15621337/"},{"label":"Karlberg & Lepoittevin 2021, Contact Dermatitis: one hundred years of allergic contact dermatitis due to oxidized terpenes, turpentine allergy","pmid":"34453446","doi":null,"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34453446/"},{"label":"Implementing Regulation (EU) No 872/2012: Union list of flavouring substances (FL 01.004, pin-2(3)-ene)","pmid":null,"doi":null,"url":"https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg_impl/2012/872/oj"},{"label":"Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 (CLP), consolidated version of 1 July 2026, Annex VI","pmid":null,"doi":null,"url":"https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/FR/TXT/?uri=CELEX:02008R1272-20260701"},{"label":"ANSM, consolidated list of substances classified as narcotics, updated 26/06/2026","pmid":null,"doi":null,"url":"https://ansm.sante.fr/uploads/2026/06/26/20260626-stupefiants-version-consolidee.pdf"},{"label":"INCB, Yellow List of narcotic drugs under international control, 65th edition, July 2026","pmid":null,"doi":null,"url":"https://www.incb.org/incb/uploads/documents/Narcotic-Drugs/Yellow_List/65th_Edition/YL_65th_EN_unedited.pdf"},{"label":"INCB, Green List of psychotropic substances under international control, 36th edition, 2025","pmid":null,"doi":null,"url":"https://www.incb.org/incb/uploads/documents/Psychotropics/forms/greenlist/2026/2510307E.pdf"},{"label":"eCFR, 21 CFR 172.515: synthetic flavoring substances and adjuvants (α-pinene; 2-pinene)","pmid":null,"doi":null,"url":"https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-21/chapter-I/subchapter-B/part-172/subpart-F/section-172.515"},{"label":"PubChem, α-pinene, CID 6654 (identifiers and properties)","pmid":null,"doi":null,"url":"https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/6654"},{"label":"ChEBI, α-pinene, CHEBI:36740","pmid":null,"doi":null,"url":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=CHEBI:36740"}]},"pharmacokinetics":null,"metabolism":null,"detection":null,"subjectiveEffects":{"state":"uncharacterised","method":"https://en.phytogrammes.com/wiki/a-propos#methode-effets","axes":[],"doseRanges":null,"humanDataCharacterised":true},"indications":{"approvedMedicines":[]},"harmProfile":{"unstudiedBanner":false,"bannerTextFr":null,"toxicologyFr":null},"legal":{"scheduleStatus":"unscheduled","scheduleLabel":"Unscheduled","frScheduleStatus":"unscheduled","tiers":[{"jurisdiction":"international","jurisdictionLabel":"International","label":null,"reference":null,"url":null,"effectiveDate":null,"lastVerified":"2026-10-20","supersededBy":null},{"jurisdiction":"eu","jurisdictionLabel":"Union européenne","label":"α-Pinene is listed under number FL 01.004 ('pin-2(3)-ene', CAS 80-56-8) in the Union list of flavouring substances, established by Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) No 872/2012 in Annex I to Regulation (EC) No 1334/2008. It carries footnote 2 there, still present in the consolidated version of 16 February 2026, which places it among the substances whose evaluation is not complete, EFSA having requested additional scientific data. It has no harmonised classification in Annex VI of the CLP Regulation (consolidated version of 1 July 2026), unlike turpentine oil, classified among others as Flam. Liq. 3, Asp. Tox. 1 and Skin Sens. 1. It appears neither in the annex to Framework Decision 2004/757/JHA nor in the schedules of the 1961 and 1971 United Nations conventions (INCB Yellow List, 65th edition, 2026; Green List, 36th edition, 2025).","reference":null,"url":null,"effectiveDate":null,"lastVerified":"2026-10-20","supersededBy":null},{"jurisdiction":"fr","jurisdictionLabel":"France","label":"Not classified as a narcotic in France: a terpene without a cannabinoid skeleton, α-pinene is named neither in the arrêté of 22 February 1990 nor in the ANSM consolidated list of narcotics (updated 26/06/2026), and does not fall within the generic class of the benzo[c]chromene nucleus (ANSM decisions of 22 May and 3 June 2024). As a flavouring substance authorised in the Union, it comes under French food flavouring law.","reference":null,"url":null,"effectiveDate":null,"lastVerified":"2026-10-20","supersededBy":null}],"sourcesFr":"EUR-Lex, UNODC, CND, ANSM, IUPHAR/BPS, ChEBI, EUDA."},"references":[{"label":"Santiago et al. 2019, Cannabis Cannabinoid Res: « Absence of Entourage », terpenoids and Δ9-THC activity at human CB1 and CB2 receptors","pmid":"31559333","doi":null,"url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6757242/"},{"label":"Finlay et al. 2020, Front Pharmacol: terpenoids from cannabis, no entourage effect via cannabinoid receptors","pmid":"32269529","doi":null,"url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7109307/"},{"label":"Heblinski et al. 2020, Cannabis Cannabinoid Res: terpenoids, phytocannabinoids and TRPA1 and TRPV1 channels","pmid":"33376801","doi":null,"url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7759271/"},{"label":"LaVigne et al. 2021, Sci Rep: Cannabis sativa terpenes « cannabimimetic » (β-pinene tested, not α-pinene)","pmid":"33859287","doi":null,"url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8050080/"},{"label":"Booth et al. 2017, PLoS One: terpene synthases from Cannabis sativa","pmid":"28355238","doi":null,"url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5371325/"},{"label":"Yang et al. 2016, Mol Pharmacol: α-pinene, NREM sleep and GABAA-benzodiazepine receptors in mice","pmid":"27573669","doi":null,"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27573669/"},{"label":"Perry et al. 2000, J Pharm Pharmacol: in vitro inhibition of human erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase by Salvia lavandulaefolia oil and its terpenes","pmid":"10933142","doi":null,"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10933142/"},{"label":"Miyazawa & Yamafuji 2005, J Agric Food Chem: inhibition of acetylcholinesterase by bicyclic monoterpenoids","pmid":"15740071","doi":null,"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15740071/"},{"label":"Falk et al. 1990, Scand J Work Environ Health: uptake, distribution and elimination of alpha-pinene in humans after inhalation","pmid":"2255878","doi":null,"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2255878/"},{"label":"Levin et al. 1992, Int Arch Occup Environ Health: renal elimination of verbenols after alpha-pinene inhalation","pmid":"1587632","doi":null,"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1587632/"},{"label":"Eriksson & Levin 1990, Int Arch Occup Environ Health: identification of cis- and trans-verbenol in urine after occupational exposure to terpenes","pmid":"2228258","doi":null,"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2228258/"},{"label":"Schmidt & Göen 2017, Arch Toxicol: human metabolism of α-pinene and metabolite kinetics after oral administration","pmid":"26679931","doi":null,"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26679931/"},{"label":"Schmidt, Belov & Göen 2013, Anal Chim Acta: monitoring of monoterpene metabolites in human urine by GC-PCI-MS/MS","pmid":"23953203","doi":null,"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23953203/"},{"label":"Waidyanatha et al. 2021, Toxicol Appl Pharmacol: toxicokinetic evaluation of α-pinene and α-pinene oxide after inhalation in rodents","pmid":"33744279","doi":null,"url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8336714/"},{"label":"Silinski et al. 2020, J Anal Toxicol: quantitation of alpha-pinene in rodent blood and mammary gland by headspace GC-MS","pmid":"33336684","doi":null,"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33336684/"},{"label":"National Toxicology Program 2026, Technical Report 606: toxicology and carcinogenesis of α-pinene by inhalation in rats and mice","pmid":"42531438","doi":"10.22427/NTP-TR-606","url":"https://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/publications/reports/tr/tr606"},{"label":"Gomes-Carneiro et al. 2005, Food Chem Toxicol: beta-myrcene, alpha-terpinene and (+)- and (-)-alpha-pinene in the Salmonella/microsome test","pmid":"15621337","doi":null,"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15621337/"},{"label":"Karlberg & Lepoittevin 2021, Contact Dermatitis: one hundred years of allergic contact dermatitis due to oxidized terpenes, turpentine allergy","pmid":"34453446","doi":null,"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34453446/"},{"label":"Implementing Regulation (EU) No 872/2012: Union list of flavouring substances (FL 01.004, pin-2(3)-ene)","pmid":null,"doi":null,"url":"https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg_impl/2012/872/oj"},{"label":"Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 (CLP), consolidated version of 1 July 2026, Annex VI","pmid":null,"doi":null,"url":"https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/FR/TXT/?uri=CELEX:02008R1272-20260701"},{"label":"ANSM, consolidated list of substances classified as narcotics, updated 26/06/2026","pmid":null,"doi":null,"url":"https://ansm.sante.fr/uploads/2026/06/26/20260626-stupefiants-version-consolidee.pdf"},{"label":"INCB, Yellow List of narcotic drugs under international control, 65th edition, July 2026","pmid":null,"doi":null,"url":"https://www.incb.org/incb/uploads/documents/Narcotic-Drugs/Yellow_List/65th_Edition/YL_65th_EN_unedited.pdf"},{"label":"INCB, Green List of psychotropic substances under international control, 36th edition, 2025","pmid":null,"doi":null,"url":"https://www.incb.org/incb/uploads/documents/Psychotropics/forms/greenlist/2026/2510307E.pdf"},{"label":"eCFR, 21 CFR 172.515: synthetic flavoring substances and adjuvants (α-pinene; 2-pinene)","pmid":null,"doi":null,"url":"https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-21/chapter-I/subchapter-B/part-172/subpart-F/section-172.515"},{"label":"PubChem, α-pinene, CID 6654 (identifiers and properties)","pmid":null,"doi":null,"url":"https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/6654"},{"label":"ChEBI, α-pinene, CHEBI:36740","pmid":null,"doi":null,"url":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=CHEBI:36740"}],"meta":{"slug":"alpha-pinene","url":"https://en.phytogrammes.com/wiki/alpha-pinene","lastVerified":"2026-10-20","dataUpdatedAt":"2026-10-27","confidence":"high","dataCompletenessPct":80,"audit":null,"wikipedia":null,"disclaimerFr":"Contenu éditorial informatif, sans valeur d'avis médical ni juridique. Sources primaires citées par fiche. Réservé aux adultes."}}