Minor phytocannabinoid
UnscheduledCBGVACannabigerovarinic acid
3-[(2E)-3,7-dimethylocta-2,6-dienyl]-2,4-dihydroxy-6-propylbenzoic acid
Aliases.acide cannabigérovarinique · CBGV-A · Cannabigerovarinic acid · CBGVA
Acidic precursor of the varin series, active on T-type calcium channels, with no human data.
Updated on
Level of detail
Identifiers
- Formula
- C₂₀H₂₈O₄
- Molar mass
- 332.40 g·mol⁻¹
- CAS
- -
- PubChem CID
- 59444383
- First described
- Isolé en 1977 par Yukihiro Shoyama, Hitotoshi Hirano, Hiroko Makino, Naohiro Umekita et Itsuo Nishioka, à partir d'un cannabis thaïlandais désigné comme « Meao variant ». L'article, publié dans Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin, décrit simultanément quatre acides cannabinoïdes à chaîne propyle : THCVA, CBDVA, CBCVA et CBGVA. Il s'agit de la première isolation d'acides cannabinoïdes propyliques à partir de la plante, et le CBGVA y est identifié comme le terme initial de cette série.
- Origin
- A minor acidic constituent of Cannabis sativa L., found mainly in the fresh plant and in cold-processed extracts. Levels are low and highly variable with chemotype: varieties rich in propyl compounds, historically described in South-East Asia and southern Africa, contain more of it than the usual European chemotypes. Heating causes decarboxylation, which converts CBGVA into cannabigerovarin, so that dried, heated or smoked products retain almost none of it. Production routes using recombinant micro-organisms expressing an aromatic prenyltransferase have also been reported, with enzyme variants optimised to accept the propyl substrate.
- InChIKey
- FAVCTJGKHFHFHJ-GXDHUFHOSA-N
In plain terms
CBGVA is a natural hemp molecule, found mainly in the fresh or cold-pressed plant. It is the starting point of a small family of cannabinoids called varins, whose side chain is shorter than that of CBD or THC. It does not withstand heat and is then converted into CBGV, and what is known about it comes from animal and cell studies, not from humans.
Receptors and activity
- Canal calcique de type T Cav3.2CI50 environ 2 µM sur canal recombinant, essai fluorimétriqueAntagonist
- Canal calcique de type T Cav3.1CI50 6 µM en fluorimétrie, 3 µM en patch-clampAntagonist
- GPR55CI50 environ 8 µM, antagoniste de faible puissanceAntagonist
- Agonist
- Partial agonist
- Antagonist
- Modulator
- Inverse agonist
Hover over a row for the precise value (Ki, EC50…)
Subjective signature
Hover over an axis to read its definition.
- Calm8
- Clarity5
- Sleep5
- Appetite5
- High5
Editorial estimate, not clinical.
Pharmacology
CBGVA is the propyl-chain homologue of CBGA and the common precursor of the varin-series cannabinoids. Its pharmacology has been explored on only a small number of targets. The most robust work concerns T-type calcium channels: on recombinant channels, CBGVA inhibits Cav3.2 with an IC50 of about 2 µM and Cav3.1 with an IC50 of 3 to 6 µM depending on the method, with a marked preference for the inactivated states of the channel, while Cav3.3 was not retained. It also antagonises the GPR55 receptor, but weakly, at around 8 µM. Its activity at CB1 and CB2 has never been measured, and cannabinoid acids generally have low affinity for these receptors, which makes a classical cannabinoid mechanism unlikely. Behaviourally, a screen in the Scn1a+/- mouse, a model of Dravet syndrome, associated CBGVA with a rise in the threshold for hyperthermia-induced seizure, at a high dose and by the intraperitoneal route. Pharmacokinetics temper that observation: brain penetration is very low, with a brain-to-plasma ratio of about 0.04. Human data are entirely lacking, both for efficacy and for safety, and no established effect in people can be put forward.
Key sources.
- PubChem, Cannabigerovarinic acid, CID 59444383
- Shoyama Y, Hirano H, Makino H, Umekita N, Nishioka I. Cannabis. X. The isolation and structures of four new propyl cannabinoid acids, from Thai cannabis, Meao variant. Chem Pharm Bull. 1977;25(9):2306-2311DOI 10.1248/cpb.25.2306
- The anticonvulsant phytocannabinoids CBGVA and CBDVA inhibit recombinant T-type channels. Front Pharmacol. 2022PMID 36386164
- Anderson LL et al. Cannabigerolic acid, a major biosynthetic precursor molecule in cannabis, exhibits divergent effects on seizures in mouse models of epilepsy. Br J Pharmacol. 2021;178(24):4826-4841PMID 34384142
- Anderson LL, Low IK, Banister SD, McGregor IS, Arnold JC. Pharmacokinetics of phytocannabinoid acids and anticonvulsant effect of cannabidiolic acid in a mouse model of Dravet syndrome. J Nat Prod. 2019;82(11):3047-3055PMID 31686510
- Légifrance, arrêté du 22 février 1990 fixant la liste des substances classées comme stupéfiants, annexe IV
- Légifrance, arrêté du 30 décembre 2021 portant application de l'article R. 5132-86 du code de la santé publique
Biosynthetic pathway
The propyl side chain derives from butyryl-CoA: a type III polyketide synthase condenses this precursor with three malonyl-CoA units, and olivetolate cyclase closes the tetraketide into divarinolic acid, the three-carbon homologue of olivetolic acid. A plant aromatic prenyltransferase, CsPT4, also known as CBGA synthase, then transfers a geranyl group derived from geranyl diphosphate onto divarinolic acid, yielding CBGVA. This in turn serves as the substrate for the THCA, CBDA and CBCA synthases, which produce THCVA, CBDVA and CBCVA respectively. CBGVA therefore occupies in the varin series exactly the place that CBGA occupies in the pentyl series, which is why it is described as the starting point of the propyl cannabinoids.
Legal framework
France
CBGVA is not a tetrahydrocannabinol. It is covered neither by name nor by the generic clause of annex IV of the decree of 22 February 1990, which classifies as narcotics the "Tetrahydrocannabinols, their esters, ethers, salts and the salts of the aforementioned derivatives". It therefore falls into the most common situation for non-THC natural cannabinoids: a substance not classified as a narcotic in France, with no explicit mention in any decree. The applicable framework remains that of hemp, namely the decree of 30 December 2021 adopted for the application of article R. 5132-86 of the public health code, which authorises the varieties of Cannabis sativa L. entered in the catalogue whose delta-9-THC content does not exceed 0.30 %, the ban on the sale of raw flowers and leaves having been annulled by the Conseil d'État on 29 December 2022. In any event the finished product must comply with this THC threshold, and any food use additionally falls under the novel foods regulation.
European Union
CBGVA is not listed in any schedule of the international conventions of 1961 and 1971, which cover cannabis, cannabis resin and the tetrahydrocannabinols, and it has not been the subject of any assessment by the WHO expert committee on drug dependence. No member state has notified it as a substance controlled by name to the European drugs agency. Its practical status in the Union is therefore decided on food-law grounds: a cannabinoid ingredient intended for human consumption is treated as a novel food within the meaning of regulation (EU) 2015/2283 and requires prior authorisation, a procedure that no dossier concerning CBGVA has initiated. The THC thresholds applicable to hemp and the degree of tolerance shown by national authorities also vary from one member state to another.
Sources: EUR-Lex, UNODC, CND, ANSM, IUPHAR/BPS, ChEBI, EUDA. Our method.
Structural classification
- Class
- Minor phytocannabinoid
- Origin
- A minor acidic constituent of Cannabis sativa L., found mainly in the fresh plant and in cold-processed extracts. Levels are low and highly variable with chemotype: varieties rich in propyl compounds, historically described in South-East Asia and southern Africa, contain more of it than the usual European chemotypes. Heating causes decarboxylation, which converts CBGVA into cannabigerovarin, so that dried, heated or smoked products retain almost none of it. Production routes using recombinant micro-organisms expressing an aromatic prenyltransferase have also been reported, with enzyme variants optimised to accept the propyl substrate.
- Status
- Unscheduled
Acide cannabinoïde de type cannabigérol, à chaîne latérale propyle, donc membre de la série varine. La structure associe un noyau résorcinol porteur d'une fonction acide carboxylique, d'une chaîne alkyle à trois carbones et d'un groupement géranyle en chaîne ouverte, sans cycle supplémentaire. C'est l'homologue à chaîne courte de l'acide cannabigérolique.
Pharmacokinetics
Les seules données proviennent de la souris, après administration intrapéritonéale. L'absorption est rapide : le pic plasmatique survient vers quinze minutes, avec une concentration maximale rapportée autour de 34 µg/mL, suivie d'une demi-vie plasmatique d'environ 204 minutes. Le passage cérébral est faible et retardé, le pic cérébral n'étant atteint que vers 90 minutes, avec une demi-vie cérébrale courte, de l'ordre de 29 minutes, et un rapport cerveau sur plasma d'environ 0,04. Aucune donnée après administration orale, aucune estimation de biodisponibilité et aucune donnée humaine ne sont publiées.
Metabolism
Le métabolisme du CBGVA n'a pas été caractérisé chez l'humain, et aucun métabolite de cette molécule n'a été identifié. Par analogie avec les autres acides cannabinoïdes, une conjugaison de la fonction acide carboxylique et une oxydation hépatique par les cytochromes P450 sont attendues, mais rien ne le confirme expérimentalement pour ce composé. La transformation la mieux établie reste non enzymatique : la décarboxylation thermique, qui convertit le CBGVA en cannabigérovarine dès que la matière végétale est chauffée.
Toxicology and risks
Aucune étude de toxicologie réglementaire, aucune donnée de génotoxicité et aucun essai clinique ne portent sur le CBGVA. Les seules observations disponibles proviennent de protocoles de convulsions chez la souris, où des doses élevées administrées par voie intrapéritonéale ont été tolérées sur des durées courtes, ce qui n'autorise aucune conclusion sur la sécurité chez la personne. Les interactions médicamenteuses, les effets sur la grossesse et la toxicité en administration répétée restent inconnus. L'inhibition des canaux calciques de type T observée in vitro concerne des cibles également impliquées dans l'activité cardiaque et neuronale, ce qui justifie la prudence en l'absence de données d'innocuité.
Detection and analysis
L'analyse impose une méthode qui préserve la fonction acide, soit la chromatographie liquide couplée à un détecteur à barrette de diodes ou à la spectrométrie de masse. En chromatographie gazeuse sans dérivation, l'injecteur chaud décarboxyle partiellement le CBGVA, qui est alors compté comme cannabigérovarine, ce qui fausse la quantification. Le CBGVA figure dans les panneaux de profilage étendu des cannabinoïdes utilisés pour caractériser les chémotypes propyliques, mais il n'est recherché ni dans les dépistages de stupéfiants ni dans les analyses toxicologiques de routine, qui ciblent les métabolites du THC.
References
- 1.PubChem, Cannabigerovarinic acid, CID 59444383
- 2.Shoyama Y, Hirano H, Makino H, Umekita N, Nishioka I. Cannabis. X. The isolation and structures of four new propyl cannabinoid acids, from Thai cannabis, Meao variant. Chem Pharm Bull. 1977;25(9):2306-2311DOI 10.1248/cpb.25.2306
- 3.The anticonvulsant phytocannabinoids CBGVA and CBDVA inhibit recombinant T-type channels. Front Pharmacol. 2022PMID 36386164
- 4.Anderson LL et al. Cannabigerolic acid, a major biosynthetic precursor molecule in cannabis, exhibits divergent effects on seizures in mouse models of epilepsy. Br J Pharmacol. 2021;178(24):4826-4841PMID 34384142
- 5.Anderson LL, Low IK, Banister SD, McGregor IS, Arnold JC. Pharmacokinetics of phytocannabinoid acids and anticonvulsant effect of cannabidiolic acid in a mouse model of Dravet syndrome. J Nat Prod. 2019;82(11):3047-3055PMID 31686510
- 6.Légifrance, arrêté du 22 février 1990 fixant la liste des substances classées comme stupéfiants, annexe IV
- 7.Légifrance, arrêté du 30 décembre 2021 portant application de l'article R. 5132-86 du code de la santé publique
Structured data
- InChIKey
- FAVCTJGKHFHFHJ-GXDHUFHOSA-N
- SMILES
- CCCC1=CC(=C(C(=C1C(=O)O)O)C/C=C(\C)/CCC=C(C)C)O
- Formula
- C20H28O4
- Molar mass
- 332.40 g·mol⁻¹
- PubChem CID
- 59444383
LLM ingestion format: a structured superset of the entry (identifiers, binding, versioned legal status). Full corpus.