ECS modulator (research)
Narcotic: named in scheduleWIN 55,212-2
[(11R)-2-methyl-11-(morpholin-4-ylmethyl)-9-oxa-1-azatricyclo[6.3.1.04,12]dodeca-2,4(12),5,7-tetraen-3-yl]-naphthalen-1-ylmethanone
Aliases.WIN 55212-2 · R-(+)-WIN 55,212-2
A laboratory full agonist at CB1 and CB2, classified as a narcotic in France, with no human data.
Updated on
Level of detail
Harm-reduction warning
No characterised human dose: animal / in vitro data only. Effect profile, safety margin and acute toxicity are not documented in human clinical practice. Extremely potent compound: severe effects, seizures and deaths reported in the literature.
Identifiers
- Formula
- C₂₇H₂₆N₂O₃
- Molar mass
- 426.50 g·mol⁻¹
- CAS
- 131543-22-1
- PubChem CID
- 5311501
- First described
- Décrite en 1992 par T. E. D'Ambra et ses collègues du Sterling Winthrop Research Institute, dans une série d'analogues conformationnellement contraints de la pravadoline publiée au Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. Les travaux étaient partis d'une recherche sur les anti-inflammatoires indoliques avant que la cible cannabinoïde ne soit identifiée. La même année, l'équipe de D. R. Compton établissait le profil cannabimimétique de la classe des aminoalkylindoles chez le rongeur, confirmant qu'une structure chimiquement étrangère au cannabis pouvait en reproduire les effets.
- Origin
- An entirely synthetic molecule, absent from cannabis and from every living organism. It was born in a pharmaceutical laboratory, through chemical modification of pravadoline, an indole derivative developed as an anti-inflammatory. The prefix WIN refers to the Sterling Winthrop laboratory, where the series was developed. It has never been marketed as a medicine and circulates only as a research reagent and as an analytical standard.
- InChIKey
- HQVHOQAKMCMIIM-HXUWFJFHSA-N
In plain terms
WIN 55,212-2 is a laboratory molecule with no link whatsoever to hemp: it was made by chemists in the 1990s. It binds to the same receptors as THC, but far more strongly. It serves as a research tool and has never been a consumer product; in France, it is listed by name among narcotics.
Receptors and activity
- CB1Ki de 1,89 à 123 nM selon les préparations (revue IUPHAR, Pertwee et al., 2010)Agonist
- CB2Ki de 0,28 à 16,2 nM selon les préparations (revue IUPHAR, Pertwee et al., 2010)Agonist
- TRPV1Antagonist
- PPARalphaAgonist
- Agonist
- Partial agonist
- Antagonist
- Modulator
- Inverse agonist
Hover over a row for the precise value (Ki, EC50…)
Subjective signature
Hover over an axis to read its definition.
- Calm12
- Clarity5
- Sleep15
- Appetite15
- High10
Editorial estimate, not clinical.
Pharmacology
The lead compound of the aminoalkylindoles, WIN 55,212-2 is the reference cannabinoid agonist of the laboratories. Its scientific value rests on a paradox: chemically alien to plant cannabinoids, it nonetheless fully activates CB1 and CB2, which served to demonstrate that the cannabinoid effect proceeds through the receptor and not through the terpenophenolic skeleton. The IUPHAR review reports affinities of 1.89 to 123 nM at CB1 and 0.28 to 16.2 nM at CB2, with an intrinsic activity comparable to that of CP55940 and HU-210: it is a full agonist, where THC remains partial. In rodents, it reproduces the classical cannabinoid tetrad and substitutes for THC in stimulus discrimination tests. Targets outside the endocannabinoid system are documented, notably inhibition of TRPV1 through a calcineurin-dependent pathway and activation of PPARalpha, whereas GPR55 is unaffected. The human side, by contrast, is empty: no clinical trial, no pharmacokinetic or metabolic data in humans, no established toxicity threshold. The only safety data available come from animals, where repeated exposure in mice produced an anxiogenic effect and a fall in locomotor activity, both dose-dependent, with minimal histological lesions at the doses studied. Any extrapolation to humans remains, to date, unfounded.
Key sources.
- Pertwee RG et al. International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. LXXIX. Cannabinoid receptors and their ligands: beyond CB1 and CB2. Pharmacol Rev. 2010;62(4):588-631PMID 21079038
- D'Ambra TE et al. Conformationally restrained analogues of pravadoline: nanomolar potent, enantioselective, (aminoalkyl)indole agonists of the cannabinoid receptor. J Med Chem. 1992;35(1):124-135PMID 1732519
- Compton DR et al. Aminoalkylindole analogs: cannabimimetic activity of a class of compounds structurally distinct from delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1992;263(3):1118-1126PMID 1335057
- Patwardhan AM et al. The cannabinoid WIN 55,212-2 inhibits transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) and evokes peripheral antihyperalgesia via calcineurin. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2006;103(30):11393-11398PMID 16849427
- Sun Y et al. Cannabinoid activation of PPAR alpha; a novel neuroprotective mechanism. Br J Pharmacol. 2007;152(5):734-743PMID 17906680
- Omran GA et al. Behavioral, biochemical and histopathological toxic profiles induced by sub-chronic cannabimimetic WIN55,212-2 administration in mice. BMC Pharmacol Toxicol. 2023;24:8PMID 36750905
- ANSM, Liste consolidée des substances classées comme stupéfiants, mise à jour du 16 février 2026 (annexe IV, entrée WIN 55,212-2)
- Arrêté du 14 octobre 2019 modifiant l'arrêté du 22 février 1990 fixant la liste des substances classées comme stupéfiants, Légifrance
- PubChem, Compound Summary CID 5311501, WIN 55,212-2
Origin (research tool)
No biosynthetic pathway: the molecule is produced by no plant and no organism. It falls exclusively within organic synthesis, through construction of a constrained aminoalkylindole core followed by acylation with a naphthoyl group, the R configuration being the one that carries the activity.
Legal framework
France
Classified as a narcotic in France, and designated by name: annex IV of the decree of 22 February 1990 explicitly cites WIN 55,212-2, together with its isomers, stereoisomers, esters, ethers and salts, an entry introduced by the decree of 14 October 2019 and carried forward in the consolidated list published by ANSM. It is therefore not a capture by the generic clause covering tetrahydrocannabinols, their esters and their ethers: the molecule is not a tetrahydrocannabinol and is covered in its own right. In this annex it sits alongside the seven families of synthetic cannabinoids classified by the decree of 19 May 2015; since its indole nitrogen is engaged in a fused ring, it corresponds to none of the substituents enumerated by the family clause, which makes the designation by name decisive. Production, possession, use, transfer and importation are prohibited.
European Union
No classification at European Union level: control of synthetic cannabinoids is a matter for national legislation, and the French annex IV brings together precisely those substances controlled in France or in the Union without being controlled under the international conventions. WIN 55,212-2 appears neither in the 1961 Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs nor in the 1971 Convention on Psychotropic Substances. Several member states and third countries have classified it under their own law, sometimes by way of generic definitions covering naphthoylindoles, so that the status varies from country to country and must be verified locally. The synthetic cannabinoid family remains monitored by the EUDA within the early warning system.
Sources: EUR-Lex, UNODC, CND, ANSM, IUPHAR/BPS, ChEBI, EUDA. Our method.
Structural classification
- Class
- ECS modulator (research)
- Origin
- An entirely synthetic molecule, absent from cannabis and from every living organism. It was born in a pharmaceutical laboratory, through chemical modification of pravadoline, an indole derivative developed as an anti-inflammatory. The prefix WIN refers to the Sterling Winthrop laboratory, where the series was developed. It has never been marketed as a medicine and circulates only as a research reagent and as an analytical standard.
- Status
- Narcotic: named in schedule
Aminoalkylindole de la sous-classe des naphtoylindoles, obtenu en contraignant la pravadoline dans un cycle supplémentaire. Le noyau pyrrolo[1,2,3-de]-1,4-benzoxazine engage l'azote indolique dans un troisième cycle, un groupement naphtoyle occupe la position 3 et un bras morpholinylméthyle porte le centre chiral de configuration R. Aucune parenté avec le squelette terpénophénolique des cannabinoïdes végétaux.
Pharmacokinetics
Les données proviennent presque toutes du rongeur et de modèles in vitro. La molécule est très lipophile ; les protocoles précliniques recourent au sel de mésylate, plus commode en solution aqueuse, administré par voie intrapéritonéale ou intraveineuse. Le passage de la barrière hématoencéphalique est rapide et les effets centraux apparaissent en quelques minutes chez l'animal. Aucune étude de pharmacocinétique humaine n'est publiée : biodisponibilité, demi-vie plasmatique et volume de distribution chez l'homme restent inconnus.
Metabolism
Le devenir métabolique de WIN 55,212-2 n'a fait l'objet d'aucune étude dédiée : l'interrogation de la littérature biomédicale ne renvoie aucun travail sur ses microsomes hépatiques, les cytochromes impliqués ou sa glucuronoconjugaison. Par analogie avec les autres cannabinoïdes de synthèse à noyau indolique, une oxydation hépatique suivie d'une conjugaison est attendue, mais les métabolites ne sont pas caractérisés et aucun marqueur urinaire n'est validé.
Toxicology and risks
Aucune donnée humaine. Chez la souris, une exposition répétée sur quatre semaines à deux faibles doses par voie intrapéritonéale a produit un effet anxiogène et une réduction de l'activité locomotrice, tous deux dose-dépendants et plus marqués chez les mâles, accompagnés d'une hausse du glutamate et du GABA cérébraux ; les enzymes hépatiques et les marqueurs rénaux n'ont pas varié de façon significative et l'atteinte histologique est restée minime, y compris sur le cortex préfrontal. En tant qu'agoniste entier de CB1, la molécule appartient à la catégorie pharmacologique associée, chez les consommateurs de cannabinoïdes de synthèse, aux intoxications sévères : tachycardie, agitation, convulsions et troubles psychiatriques aigus. Ce risque de classe n'a jamais été documenté spécifiquement pour WIN 55,212-2, qui n'a pas circulé comme produit de consommation.
Detection and analysis
L'identification repose sur la chromatographie couplée à la spectrométrie de masse, en phase liquide ou gazeuse, par comparaison à un étalon de référence certifié ; la masse moléculaire et le profil de fragmentation la séparent sans ambiguïté des naphtoylindoles classiques de type JWH. Les immunoessais destinés aux cannabinoïdes de synthèse ne sont pas conçus pour cette structure et un résultat négatif ne vaut pas absence. Aucun métabolite urinaire ciblé n'étant décrit, la recherche en milieu biologique porte sur la molécule mère, ce qui restreint la fenêtre de détection.
References
- 1.Pertwee RG et al. International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. LXXIX. Cannabinoid receptors and their ligands: beyond CB1 and CB2. Pharmacol Rev. 2010;62(4):588-631PMID 21079038
- 2.D'Ambra TE et al. Conformationally restrained analogues of pravadoline: nanomolar potent, enantioselective, (aminoalkyl)indole agonists of the cannabinoid receptor. J Med Chem. 1992;35(1):124-135PMID 1732519
- 3.Compton DR et al. Aminoalkylindole analogs: cannabimimetic activity of a class of compounds structurally distinct from delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1992;263(3):1118-1126PMID 1335057
- 4.Patwardhan AM et al. The cannabinoid WIN 55,212-2 inhibits transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) and evokes peripheral antihyperalgesia via calcineurin. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2006;103(30):11393-11398PMID 16849427
- 5.Sun Y et al. Cannabinoid activation of PPAR alpha; a novel neuroprotective mechanism. Br J Pharmacol. 2007;152(5):734-743PMID 17906680
- 6.Omran GA et al. Behavioral, biochemical and histopathological toxic profiles induced by sub-chronic cannabimimetic WIN55,212-2 administration in mice. BMC Pharmacol Toxicol. 2023;24:8PMID 36750905
- 7.ANSM, Liste consolidée des substances classées comme stupéfiants, mise à jour du 16 février 2026 (annexe IV, entrée WIN 55,212-2)
- 8.Arrêté du 14 octobre 2019 modifiant l'arrêté du 22 février 1990 fixant la liste des substances classées comme stupéfiants, Légifrance
- 9.PubChem, Compound Summary CID 5311501, WIN 55,212-2
Structured data
- InChIKey
- HQVHOQAKMCMIIM-HXUWFJFHSA-N
- SMILES
- CC1=C(C2=C3N1[C@@H](COC3=CC=C2)CN4CCOCC4)C(=O)C5=CC=CC6=CC=CC=C65
- Formula
- C27H26N2O3
- Molar mass
- 426.50 g·mol⁻¹
- CAS
- 131543-22-1
- PubChem CID
- 5311501
LLM ingestion format: a structured superset of the entry (identifiers, binding, versioned legal status). Full corpus.