Endocannabinoid
Endogenous2-EPG2-eicosapentaenoylglycerol
1,3-dihydroxypropan-2-yl (2E,4E,6E,8E,10E)-icosa-2,4,6,8,10-pentaenoate
Aliases.2-eicosapentaenoylglycerol · 2-EPG · EPG · 2-eicosapentaénoylglycérol · 2-(5,8,11,14,17-eicosapentaénoyl)glycérol · monoacylglycérol d'EPA (MAG-EPA)
Omega-3 congener of 2-AG formed from EPA, an endogenous mediator with no human data.
Updated on
Level of detail
Identifiers
- Formula
- C₂₃H₃₆O₄
- Molar mass
- 376.50 g·mol⁻¹
- CAS
- -
- PubChem CID
- 42629563
- First described
- Le 2-EPG appartient à la génération de médiateurs décrits dans le sillage du 2-arachidonoylglycérol, caractérisé en 1995. Une structure 2-(5,8,11,14,17-eicosapentaénoyl)glycérol a été identifiée par chromatographie en phase gazeuse couplée à la spectrométrie de masse dès 2000, dans les sécrétions des glandes défensives d'un coléoptère aquatique. La molécule est ensuite entrée dans les panels de lipidomique de l'endocannabinoïdome, où elle est quantifiée en routine depuis les années 2010 : plasma humain, selles, lait maternel, cellules immunitaires. Aucune équipe ne revendique une découverte pharmacologique fondatrice, car le composé a été reconnu comme congénère oméga-3 attendu du 2-AG avant d'être étudié pour lui-même.
- Origin
- An endogenous lipid, entirely absent from cannabis. 2-EPG derives from eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5 n-3), an omega-3 supplied by the diet, chiefly oily fish and marine oils, then esterified into the phospholipids of cell membranes. It is measured in humans in plasma, faeces and breast milk, and it is produced by immune cells such as eosinophils. EPA intake raises its tissue concentrations while those of 2-AG and anandamide, derived from an omega-6 fatty acid, fall in parallel.
- InChIKey
- QKRBDXBOVJLPMF-METXMMQOSA-N
In plain terms
2-EPG is a small fatty molecule that the body manufactures itself from EPA, one of the omega-3s of oily fish. It closely resembles 2-AG, the main natural messenger of the endocannabinoid system, with an omega-3 chain in place of the omega-6 chain. Its amount in the blood rises when the diet supplies more omega-3, and it does not occur in hemp.
Receptors and activity
- CB1Partial agonist
- CB2Partial agonist
- Agonist
- Partial agonist
- Antagonist
- Modulator
- Inverse agonist
Hover over a row for the precise value (Ki, EC50…)
Subjective signature
Hover over an axis to read its definition.
- Calm8
- Clarity5
- Sleep5
- Appetite5
- High5
Editorial estimate, not clinical.
Pharmacology
2-eicosapentaenoylglycerol is the omega-3 congener of 2-arachidonoylglycerol: the same glycerol head, the same twenty-carbon chain length, but five n-3 series unsaturations inherited from EPA. It is produced by the phospholipase C then diacylglycerol lipase sequence, exactly like 2-AG, and it is destroyed by the same serine hydrolases, which gives it a very short tissue lifetime. On the receptor side, caution is required: the molecule is classed among the mediators of the endocannabinoidome and is assayed as such, but no binding study has published a CB1 or CB2 affinity for it, and structure-activity work on analogues of 2-AG shows that replacing the arachidonoyl chain sharply lowers agonist activity. Human data on its own effect are lacking. What is established belongs to nutritional pharmacology: EPA intake raises circulating and tissue 2-EPG while 2-AG and anandamide recede, and the monoglyceride form of EPA given orally reduces inflammatory markers in rodents and in human mononuclear cells ex vivo. No therapeutic benefit is demonstrated in humans for the molecule itself.
Key sources.
- Watson JE, Kim JS, Das A. Emerging class of omega-3 fatty acid endocannabinoids and their derivatives. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat, 2019PMID 31085370
- Archambault AS et al. Human and Mouse Eosinophils Differ in Their Ability to Biosynthesize Eicosanoids, Docosanoids, the Endocannabinoid 2-Arachidonoyl-glycerol and Its Congeners. Cells, 2022DOI 10.3390/cells11010141
- Sugiura T et al. Evidence that the cannabinoid CB1 receptor is a 2-arachidonoylglycerol receptor: structure-activity relationship of 2-arachidonoylglycerol, ether-linked analogues, and related compounds. J Biol Chem, 1999PMID 9915812
- Schaaf O, Dettner K. Polyunsaturated monoglycerides and a pregnadiene in defensive glands of the water beetle Agabus affinis. Lipids, 2000PMID 10907789
- Giorgini G et al. Impact of Oral Cannabinoids on the Endocannabinoidome and Gut Microbiome in People with HIV on Antiretroviral Therapy (CTN PT028 pilot trial). Cannabis Cannabinoid Res, 2026PMID 40879543
- Gaitán AV et al. Endocannabinoid Metabolome Characterization of Milk from Guatemalan Women Living in the Western Highlands. Curr Dev Nutr, 2019PMID 31111118
- Morin C, Blier PU, Fortin S. MAG-EPA reduces severity of DSS-induced colitis in rats. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol, 2016PMID 27012773
- Morin C et al. Eicosapentaenoic acid monoglyceride resolves inflammation in an ex vivo model of human peripheral blood mononuclear cell. Eur J Pharmacol, 2017PMID 28501579
- Cuenoud B et al. Monoacylglycerol Form of Omega-3s Improves Its Bioavailability in Humans Compared to Other Forms. Nutrients, 2020PMID 32272659
- LIPID MAPS, LipidWeb : endocannabinoids and 2-monoacylglycerols
Biosynthetic pathway (in vivo)
2-EPG follows the canonical pathway of 2-monoacylglycerols: EPA esterified at the sn-2 position of membrane phosphoinositides is released as a diacylglycerol by a phospholipase C, then a diacylglycerol lipase (alpha or beta) cleaves the sn-1 chain and leaves the monoacylglycerol. Production is local and on demand, without prior storage. Degradation follows the same logic as that of 2-AG: hydrolysis by serine hydrolases, monoacylglycerol lipase foremost, together with the related hydrolases ABHD6 and ABHD12, which restores free EPA and glycerol.
Legal framework
France
An endogenous metabolite present in every individual, 2-EPG is listed on no French list of narcotics or psychotropics. It does not appear by name in annex IV of the decree of 22 February 1990, nor is it captured by the generic clause of that annex, which covers tetrahydrocannabinols, their esters, ethers, salts and the salts of the aforementioned derivatives: the molecule is an ester of glycerol and a fatty acid, with no tetrahydrocannabinol skeleton. Its situation is therefore that of an unclassified substance. Its dietary precursor, EPA, falls under food and food-supplement law, not narcotics law.
European Union
No classification under the international conventions of 1961 and 1971, no recommendation from the WHO Expert Committee on Drug Dependence, no European control measure and no notification to the EUDA early warning system, formerly the EMCDDA. An endogenous constituent of this kind does not fall under the European framework on new psychoactive substances. Within the Union, regulation concerns EPA-rich marine oils as foods and food supplements, with health claims assessed by EFSA.
Sources: EUR-Lex, UNODC, CND, ANSM, IUPHAR/BPS, ChEBI, EUDA. Our method.
Structural classification
- Class
- Endocannabinoid
- Origin
- An endogenous lipid, entirely absent from cannabis. 2-EPG derives from eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5 n-3), an omega-3 supplied by the diet, chiefly oily fish and marine oils, then esterified into the phospholipids of cell membranes. It is measured in humans in plasma, faeces and breast milk, and it is produced by immune cells such as eosinophils. EPA intake raises its tissue concentrations while those of 2-AG and anandamide, derived from an omega-6 fatty acid, fall in parallel.
- Status
- Endogenous
2-monoacylglycérol : ester du glycérol et de l'acide eicosapentaénoïque (20:5 n-3), congénère oméga-3 direct du 2-arachidonoylglycérol au sein de l'endocannabinoïdome
Pharmacokinetics
Molécule endogène produite à la demande et non stockée : sa concentration reflète le renouvellement des phospholipides membranaires et le statut alimentaire en oméga-3, pas une exposition externe. Sa persistance tissulaire est brève, l'hydrolyse par les sérine hydrolases étant rapide, au point que les protocoles de dosage imposent un inhibiteur de sérine hydrolases dès le prélèvement. Aucune étude de pharmacocinétique humaine ne porte sur le 2-EPG lui-même. Pour la forme monoglycéride de l'EPA prise par voie orale, un essai humain a mesuré une biodisponibilité plasmatique en EPA et DHA supérieure à celle des esters éthyliques, ce qui concerne le transport de l'acide gras et non une action cannabinoïde.
Metabolism
Deux voies dominent. D'une part l'hydrolyse en EPA libre et glycérol par la monoacylglycérol lipase et les hydrolases apparentées ABHD6 et ABHD12, très rapide dans les cellules immunitaires. D'autre part l'isomérisation spontanée en 1-EPG, l'ester en position sn-1 étant thermodynamiquement favorisé, si bien que les deux isomères coexistent dans les échantillons biologiques. L'EPA ainsi libéré alimente les voies des oxylipines, cyclooxygénases, lipoxygénases et cytochromes P450, dont dérivent notamment des époxydes comme le 17,18-EEQ. Les métabolites oxygénés du 2-EPG lui-même restent peu caractérisés.
Toxicology and risks
Aucun signal de toxicité propre n'est rapporté pour ce constituant endogène et aucune étude toxicologique dédiée n'a été conduite. Il n'existe ni cas d'intoxication, ni potentiel d'abus documenté, ni donnée de sécurité spécifique chez la femme enceinte ou allaitante, faute d'administration exogène étudiée chez l'humain. Les travaux disponibles sur la forme monoglycéride de l'EPA relèvent de modèles animaux et de cultures cellulaires, avec des effets anti-inflammatoires mais sans évaluation de sécurité clinique. Les seules considérations pratiques concernent les huiles marines riches en EPA, dont les effets indésirables décrits sont surtout digestifs.
Detection and analysis
Le dosage repose sur la chromatographie liquide couplée à la spectrométrie de masse en tandem, dans les panels lipidomiques de l'endocannabinoïdome où le 2-EPG figure aux côtés du 2-AG, du 2-oléoylglycérol et du 2-docosahexaénoylglycérol. Il a été quantifié ainsi dans le plasma, les selles et le lait maternel humains, ainsi que dans des cellules immunitaires isolées. Deux précautions analytiques sont classiques : bloquer les sérine hydrolases dès le prélèvement pour éviter une sous-estimation, et tenir compte de l'isomérisation vers le 1-EPG, qui conduit souvent à rapporter la somme des deux isomères. La molécule ne fait l'objet d'aucune recherche en toxicologie médicolégale et ne figure dans aucun criblage antidopage ou routier.
References
- 1.Watson JE, Kim JS, Das A. Emerging class of omega-3 fatty acid endocannabinoids and their derivatives. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat, 2019PMID 31085370
- 2.Archambault AS et al. Human and Mouse Eosinophils Differ in Their Ability to Biosynthesize Eicosanoids, Docosanoids, the Endocannabinoid 2-Arachidonoyl-glycerol and Its Congeners. Cells, 2022DOI 10.3390/cells11010141
- 3.Sugiura T et al. Evidence that the cannabinoid CB1 receptor is a 2-arachidonoylglycerol receptor: structure-activity relationship of 2-arachidonoylglycerol, ether-linked analogues, and related compounds. J Biol Chem, 1999PMID 9915812
- 4.Schaaf O, Dettner K. Polyunsaturated monoglycerides and a pregnadiene in defensive glands of the water beetle Agabus affinis. Lipids, 2000PMID 10907789
- 5.Giorgini G et al. Impact of Oral Cannabinoids on the Endocannabinoidome and Gut Microbiome in People with HIV on Antiretroviral Therapy (CTN PT028 pilot trial). Cannabis Cannabinoid Res, 2026PMID 40879543
- 6.Gaitán AV et al. Endocannabinoid Metabolome Characterization of Milk from Guatemalan Women Living in the Western Highlands. Curr Dev Nutr, 2019PMID 31111118
- 7.Morin C, Blier PU, Fortin S. MAG-EPA reduces severity of DSS-induced colitis in rats. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol, 2016PMID 27012773
- 8.Morin C et al. Eicosapentaenoic acid monoglyceride resolves inflammation in an ex vivo model of human peripheral blood mononuclear cell. Eur J Pharmacol, 2017PMID 28501579
- 9.Cuenoud B et al. Monoacylglycerol Form of Omega-3s Improves Its Bioavailability in Humans Compared to Other Forms. Nutrients, 2020PMID 32272659
- 10.LIPID MAPS, LipidWeb : endocannabinoids and 2-monoacylglycerols
Structured data
- InChIKey
- QKRBDXBOVJLPMF-METXMMQOSA-N
- SMILES
- CCCCCCCCC/C=C/C=C/C=C/C=C/C=C/C(=O)OC(CO)CO
- Formula
- C23H36O4
- Molar mass
- 376.50 g·mol⁻¹
- PubChem CID
- 42629563
LLM ingestion format: a structured superset of the entry (identifiers, binding, versioned legal status). Full corpus.