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Endocannabinoid

Endogenous

2-LG2-linoleoylglycerol

1,3-dihydroxypropan-2-yl (9Z,12Z)-octadeca-9,12-dienoate

Aliases.2-linoleoylglycerol · 2-LG · 2-Monolinolein · 2-monolinoléine · glycéryl 2-linoléate · 2-linoléoyl-rac-glycérol

An endogenous lipid companion of 2-AG, a very weak CB1 agonist, with no human data.

Updated on

Level of detail

Identifiers

Formula
C₂₁H₃₈O₄
Molar mass
354.50 g·mol⁻¹
CAS
-
PubChem CID
5365676
First described
Connu de longue date comme monoglycéride alimentaire sous le nom de 2-monolinoléine, il entre dans la littérature cannabinoïde en 1998 : l'équipe de Shimon Ben-Shabat et Raphael Mechoulam l'isole de la rate aux côtés du 2-AG, avec le 2-palmitoylglycérol, et forge à cette occasion la notion d'effet d'entourage.
Origin
An endogenous mammalian lipid, absent from hemp. It is formed by the diacylglycerol lipases from diacylglycerols bearing linoleic acid, and it is also a major product of the intestinal digestion of dietary triglycerides, linoleic acid frequently occupying the sn-2 position of vegetable oils. It has been co-isolated with 2-AG in the spleen, intestine, hypothalamus and brain, where its concentration is of the order of ten times lower than that of 2-AG.
InChIKey
IEPGNWMPIFDNSD-HZJYTTRNSA-N

In plain terms

2-linoleoylglycerol is a small fatty molecule made by the body, also released during the digestion of vegetable oils. It accompanies 2-AG, one of the natural cannabinoids of the human body, but it acts very weakly on its own. It does not come from hemp and is not present in any product in the shop.

Receptors and activity

  • CB1
    EC50 d'environ 17 µM (log EC50 de -4,78) sur CB1 humain, efficacité maximale très inférieure à celle du 2-AG (Lu et al., 2019)Partial agonist
  • Hydrolases du 2-AG (MAGL, FAAH)
    Modulator
  • CB2
    Agonist
  • Agonist
  • Partial agonist
  • Antagonist
  • Modulator
  • Inverse agonist

Hover over a row for the precise value (Ki, EC50…)

Subjective signature

Hover over an axis to read its definition.

  • Calm
    5
  • Clarity
    4
  • Sleep
    4
  • Appetite
    8
  • High
    4

Editorial estimate, not clinical.

Pharmacology

2-LG is an endogenous 2-monoacylglycerol, co-isolated with 2-AG in the spleen, intestine and brain. The founding paper by Ben-Shabat and Mechoulam (1998) describes it as devoid of direct binding to the CB1 and CB2 receptors, but capable of potentiating the effects of 2-AG in animals and of slowing its inactivation by neuronal and basophilic cells: this is where the expression “entourage effect” comes from. Later work substantially qualifies that account. Murataeva and colleagues (2016) find no potentiation and describe instead the behaviour of a functional antagonist; Lu, Williams and Doherty (2019) measure a very weak partial agonist activity at human CB1, an EC50 close to 17 µM and a maximal efficacy well below that of 2-AG, while observing an attenuation of the responses to 2-AG and anandamide. The most credible residual mechanism remains indirect: competition for the hydrolases that degrade 2-AG. Human data are entirely lacking, no clinical study or controlled exposure data having been published, and no therapeutic benefit can be put forward.

Biosynthetic pathway (in vivo)

Diacylglycerol lipase pathway: a diacylglycerol bearing a linoleic acid at the sn-2 position is hydrolysed into 2-linoleoylglycerol. Pancreatic lipase produces the same molecule from the triglycerides of a meal, which makes it as much a digestive metabolite as an endogenous lipid mediator.

Structural classification

Class
Endocannabinoid
Origin
An endogenous mammalian lipid, absent from hemp. It is formed by the diacylglycerol lipases from diacylglycerols bearing linoleic acid, and it is also a major product of the intestinal digestion of dietary triglycerides, linoleic acid frequently occupying the sn-2 position of vegetable oils. It has been co-isolated with 2-AG in the spleen, intestine, hypothalamus and brain, where its concentration is of the order of ten times lower than that of 2-AG.
Status
Endogenous

2-monoacylglycérol de l'acide linoléique, c'est à dire un ester de glycérol en position sn-2, lipide endogène apparenté aux endocannabinoïdes et dépourvu de noyau terpénophénolique.

Pharmacokinetics

Aucune donnée de pharmacocinétique humaine. Comme les autres 2-monoacylglycérols alimentaires, il est absorbé par l'entérocyte puis largement réestérifié en triglycérides par la voie du monoacylglycérol. Les esters en position 2 sont chimiquement instables et migrent spontanément vers l'isomère 1(3), ce qui complique la mesure des concentrations tissulaires. Sa durée de vie biologique est courte, gouvernée par l'hydrolyse enzymatique.

Metabolism

Hydrolysé en glycérol et acide linoléique par les sérine hydrolases des monoacylglycérols, la MAGL au premier rang, avec une contribution de la FAAH et d'autres hydrolases apparentées. L'acide linoléique libéré rejoint le métabolisme lipidique ordinaire, y compris les voies oxygénées conduisant aux oxylipines. Cette compétition pour les mêmes enzymes constitue l'explication la plus plausible de son influence indirecte sur les niveaux de 2-AG.

Toxicology and risks

Aucune étude de toxicité spécifique n'est disponible et aucun signal de risque n'a été rapporté : la molécule est produite par l'organisme et ingérée quotidiennement sous forme de monoglycérides issus de la digestion des huiles alimentaires. Faute de toute administration contrôlée chez l'être humain, rien ne peut être conclu sur des expositions supérieures aux niveaux physiologiques.

Detection and analysis

Recherché uniquement en lipidomique, par chromatographie liquide couplée à la spectrométrie de masse en tandem, avec étalon interne deutéré et une séparation capable de résoudre les isomères 1(3) et 2. Il ne figure dans aucun criblage toxicologique ou antidopage de routine et n'a pas d'intérêt médico-légal documenté.

References

  1. 1.Ben-Shabat S. et al., An entourage effect: inactive endogenous fatty acid glycerol esters enhance 2-arachidonoyl-glycerol cannabinoid activity, Eur J Pharmacol, 1998PMID 9721036
  2. 2.Murataeva N. et al., Where's my entourage? The curious case of 2-oleoylglycerol, 2-linolenoylglycerol, and 2-palmitoylglycerol, Pharmacol Res, 2016PMID 27117667
  3. 3.Lu Y., Williams M., Doherty P., 2-Linoleoylglycerol Is a Partial Agonist of the Human Cannabinoid Type 1 Receptor that Can Suppress 2-Arachidonoylglycerol and Anandamide Activity, Cannabis Cannabinoid Res, 2019PMID 31872059
  4. 4.PubChem, 2-Linoleoylglycerol, CID 5365676 (National Library of Medicine)
  5. 5.Syed S.K. et al., Regulation of GPR119 receptor activity with endocannabinoid-like lipids, Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, 2012PMID 23074242
  6. 6.LIPID MAPS LipidWeb, Monoacylglycerols: structure, occurrence, biochemistry and function

Structured data

InChIKey
IEPGNWMPIFDNSD-HZJYTTRNSA-N
SMILES
CCCCC/C=C\C/C=C\CCCCCCCC(=O)OC(CO)CO
Formula
C21H38O4
Molar mass
354.50 g·mol⁻¹
PubChem CID
5365676
Machine-readable entry (JSON)

LLM ingestion format: a structured superset of the entry (identifiers, binding, versioned legal status). Full corpus.