Synthetic cannabinoid (SCRA)
UnscheduledAM-2389
(6aR,9R,10aR)-3-(1-hexylcyclobutyl)-6,6-dimethyl-6a,7,8,9,10,10a-hexahydrobenzo[c]chromene-1,9-diol
Aliases.AM2389 · 9β-hydroxy-3-(1-hexylcyclobut-1-yl)-hexahydrocannabinol · (6aR,9R,10aR)-3-(1-hexylcyclobutyl)-6a,7,8,9,10,10a-hexahydro-6,6-dimethyl-6H-dibenzo[b,d]pyran-1,9-diol
Full and highly potent agonist of the CB1 receptor, a laboratory tool with no human data at all.
Updated on
Level of detail
Harm-reduction warning
No characterised human dose: animal / in vitro data only. Effect profile, safety margin and acute toxicity are not documented in human clinical practice. Extremely potent compound: severe effects, seizures and deaths reported in the literature.
Identifiers
- Formula
- C₂₅H₃₈O₃
- Molar mass
- 386.28 g·mol⁻¹
- CAS
- 1256842-49-5
- PubChem CID
- 49783410
- First described
- Décrite en 2010 par Spyros P. Nikas et ses collègues du Center for Drug Discovery de la Northeastern University, dans l'équipe d'Alexandros Makriyannis dont les initiales donnent le préfixe AM, au sein d'une série d'hexahydrocannabinols substitués sur le premier carbone de la chaîne latérale. Sa caractérisation comportementale a suivi en 2012 avec les travaux de Torbjörn Järbe et de ses collègues, qui en ont fait un outil de référence pour maintenir une activation prolongée du récepteur CB1 chez l'animal.
- Origin
- An entirely synthetic molecule, absent from cannabis as from any living organism: it was designed in medicinal chemistry from the skeleton of the classical cannabinoids. According to the available literature, it circulates only as a research reagent intended for laboratories. It has not been reported in seized products nor in the plant mixtures sold as cannabis substitutes.
- InChIKey
- CSXKNESDVLECTJ-VAMGGRTRSA-N
In plain terms
AM-2389 is a laboratory molecule, entirely made by synthesis: it does not occur in hemp. It binds to the same brain receptor as THC, but far more strongly, and in animals its effects set in slowly and then last a very long time. It has never been studied in human beings and has no place in a consumer product.
Receptors and activity
- CB1Ki 0,16 nM (membranes de cerveau de rat, [3H]CP-55,940) ; EC50 1,5 nM, agoniste completAgonist
- CB2Ki 4,21 nM (membranes de rate de souris) ; efficacité fonctionnelle non mesuréeAgonist
- Agonist
- Partial agonist
- Antagonist
- Modulator
- Inverse agonist
Hover over a row for the precise value (Ki, EC50…)
Subjective signature
Hover over an axis to read its definition.
- Calm5
- Clarity5
- Sleep10
- Appetite5
- High5
Editorial estimate, not clinical.
Pharmacology
AM-2389 is a classical synthetic cannabinoid: a hexahydrocannabinol hydroxylated at position 9 whose side chain carries a 1-hexylcyclobutyl group. This modification gives it one of the highest affinities measured in the series for the CB1 receptor (0.16 nM on rat brain membranes), with a preference of about 26-fold for CB1 over CB2. In functional assays, the molecule behaves as a full agonist of the CB1 receptor, where THC is only a partial agonist: it is this full activation, and not potency alone, that makes this type of compound dangerous. In rats it is about a hundred times more potent than THC in drug discrimination; in mice its hypothermic effect sets in slowly, peaks several hours after administration and lasts well beyond that of THC, with a functional half-life estimated at around seventeen hours. The published work uses it for precisely that purpose: to maintain sustained activation of the endocannabinoid system in rodents and monkeys, and then to study tolerance, dependence and withdrawal. Its action at TRPV1, GPR55, PPARγ or 5-HT1A has not been assessed, and human data are entirely lacking.
Key sources.
- Nikas SP et al. Novel 1',1'-chain substituted hexahydrocannabinols: 9β-hydroxy-3-(1-hexyl-cyclobut-1-yl)-hexahydrocannabinol (AM2389) a highly potent cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1) agonist. J Med Chem 2010;53(19):6996-7010PMID 20925434
- Järbe TU et al. AM2389, a high-affinity, in vivo potent CB1-receptor-selective cannabinergic ligand as evidenced by drug discrimination in rats and hypothermia testing in mice. Psychopharmacology 2012;220(2):417-26PMID 21989802
- Paronis CA et al. Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol acts as a partial agonist/antagonist in mice. Behav Pharmacol 2012PMID 23075707
- Paronis CA et al. Diuretic effects of cannabinoids. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2013PMID 23019138
- Tai S et al. Cannabinoid withdrawal in mice: inverse agonist vs neutral antagonist. Psychopharmacology 2015PMID 25772338
- Kangas BD et al. Cannabinoid antagonist drug discrimination in nonhuman primates. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2020PMID 31641018
- Paronis C et al. Evidence for spontaneous cannabinoid withdrawal in mice. Behav Pharmacol 2022PMID 35288509
- Missig G et al. Altered sleep during spontaneous cannabinoid withdrawal in male mice. Behav Pharmacol 2022PMID 35288510
- Kohut SJ et al. Effects of cannabinoid exposure on short-term memory and medial orbitofrontal cortex function and chemistry in adolescent female rhesus macaques. Front Neurosci 2022PMID 36248648
- PubChem CID 49783410, AM-2389 (noms, identifiants)
Origin (pharmaceutical research → illicit market)
No biological pathway: the molecule comes from no enzyme, plant or animal. It is obtained by synthesis in the classical cannabinoid series, by grafting a 1-hexylcyclobutyl group onto the aromatic ring of a dibenzopyran skeleton, with a saturated carbon ring and a hydroxyl at position 9 in the beta configuration.
Legal framework
France
AM-2389 is named in no annex of the decree of 22 February 1990 setting the list of substances classified as narcotics. The generic clause of annex IV covers tetrahydrocannabinols, their esters, ethers and salts, as well as the salts of those derivatives: now AM-2389 is a hexahydrocannabinol, whose carbon ring is saturated, and not an ester, an ether or a salt of a tetrahydrocannabinol, so that this clause does not capture it. The entries added by the ANSM in June 2023 name hexahydrocannabinol (HHC), its acetate (HHC-O) and hexahydrocannabiphorol (HHCP), not this compound. Its French status is therefore, as the texts stand, that of an unclassified substance, which does not make it an authorised product: no food, cosmetic or medicinal use is recognised, and placing it on the market for human consumption would be unlawful on that ground.
European Union
No control measure at Union level targets AM-2389: the substance has been the subject of no joint report nor of a risk assessment by the EUDA (formerly EMCDDA), unlike several synthetic agonists of the JWH, AM or FUBINACA series controlled throughout the Union after assessment. It is listed in no schedule of the United Nations conventions. Some Member States nevertheless apply generic clauses or new psychoactive substances laws that may cover it: the status must be checked country by country.
Sources: EUR-Lex, UNODC, CND, ANSM, IUPHAR/BPS, ChEBI, EUDA. Our method.
Structural classification
- Class
- Synthetic cannabinoid (SCRA)
- Origin
- An entirely synthetic molecule, absent from cannabis as from any living organism: it was designed in medicinal chemistry from the skeleton of the classical cannabinoids. According to the available literature, it circulates only as a research reagent intended for laboratories. It has not been reported in seized products nor in the plant mixtures sold as cannabis substitutes.
- Status
- Unscheduled
Cannabinoïde classique de synthèse, série des hexahydrocannabinols : noyau dibenzo[b,d]pyrane à cycle carboné saturé, hydroxyle en position 9 de configuration bêta, chaîne latérale 1-hexylcyclobutyle en position 3.
Pharmacokinetics
Les seules données disponibles viennent de l'animal, après injection intrapéritonéale. L'installation des effets est lente : chez la souris, la baisse de température corporelle atteint son maximum plusieurs heures après l'administration, et la demi-vie fonctionnelle estimée chez le rat à partir des essais de discrimination approche dix-sept heures, un profil beaucoup plus étalé que celui du THC. Aucune mesure de concentration plasmatique, de distribution cérébrale ou de biodisponibilité n'est publiée, et il n'existe aucune donnée humaine.
Metabolism
Aucune étude de métabolisation n'est publiée : ni les enzymes impliquées ni les métabolites de AM-2389 ne sont identifiés. La très longue durée d'action observée chez le rongeur n'a reçu à ce jour aucune explication pharmacocinétique documentée.
Toxicology and risks
Chez l'animal, l'administration répétée installe une tolérance puis une dépendance physique. Chez la souris, l'arrêt du traitement provoque un syndrome de sevrage spontané avec hyperactivité et tremblements des pattes, ainsi qu'un sommeil fragmenté après une phase initiale de sommeil lent augmenté ; chez le singe écureuil, un état de sevrage identifiable est précipité par un antagoniste du récepteur CB1. En administration aiguë, les publications rapportent une chute marquée de la température corporelle, une augmentation de la diurèse et, chez le macaque adolescent, une altération dose-dépendante de la mémoire de travail accompagnée de modifications de la chimie du cortex orbitofrontal médian. Aucune donnée humaine n'existe pour cette molécule : les intoxications graves décrites pour les agonistes complets de synthèse (convulsions, délire, troubles du rythme cardiaque, vomissements incoercibles, atteinte rénale aiguë) concernent d'autres composés de cette classe, et non celui-ci. Elles indiquent néanmoins le type de risque qu'implique une activation complète et prolongée du récepteur CB1, très éloignée de l'agonisme partiel du THC.
Detection and analysis
Aucune méthode analytique dédiée à AM-2389 dans les matrices biologiques n'est publiée, et la molécule n'est pas décrite dans les produits saisis en Europe. Les études animales raisonnent sur la substance administrée, sans dosage sanguin ou urinaire rapporté. Les criblages toxicologiques courants ciblent le THC, ses métabolites et les agonistes de synthèse déjà répertoriés, pas ce composé.
References
- 1.Nikas SP et al. Novel 1',1'-chain substituted hexahydrocannabinols: 9β-hydroxy-3-(1-hexyl-cyclobut-1-yl)-hexahydrocannabinol (AM2389) a highly potent cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1) agonist. J Med Chem 2010;53(19):6996-7010PMID 20925434
- 2.Järbe TU et al. AM2389, a high-affinity, in vivo potent CB1-receptor-selective cannabinergic ligand as evidenced by drug discrimination in rats and hypothermia testing in mice. Psychopharmacology 2012;220(2):417-26PMID 21989802
- 3.Paronis CA et al. Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol acts as a partial agonist/antagonist in mice. Behav Pharmacol 2012PMID 23075707
- 4.Paronis CA et al. Diuretic effects of cannabinoids. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2013PMID 23019138
- 5.Tai S et al. Cannabinoid withdrawal in mice: inverse agonist vs neutral antagonist. Psychopharmacology 2015PMID 25772338
- 6.Kangas BD et al. Cannabinoid antagonist drug discrimination in nonhuman primates. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2020PMID 31641018
- 7.Paronis C et al. Evidence for spontaneous cannabinoid withdrawal in mice. Behav Pharmacol 2022PMID 35288509
- 8.Missig G et al. Altered sleep during spontaneous cannabinoid withdrawal in male mice. Behav Pharmacol 2022PMID 35288510
- 9.Kohut SJ et al. Effects of cannabinoid exposure on short-term memory and medial orbitofrontal cortex function and chemistry in adolescent female rhesus macaques. Front Neurosci 2022PMID 36248648
- 10.PubChem CID 49783410, AM-2389 (noms, identifiants)
Structured data
- InChIKey
- CSXKNESDVLECTJ-VAMGGRTRSA-N
- SMILES
- CCCCCCC1(CCC1)C2=CC3=C([C@@H]4C[C@@H](CC[C@H]4C(O3)(C)C)O)C(=C2)O
- Formula
- C25H38O3
- Molar mass
- 386.28 g·mol⁻¹
- CAS
- 1256842-49-5
- PubChem CID
- 49783410
LLM ingestion format: a structured superset of the entry (identifiers, binding, versioned legal status). Full corpus.