ECS modulator (research)
UnscheduledAM-374
hexadecane-1-sulfonyl fluoride
Aliases.AM374 · AM 374 · fluorure de palmitylsulfonyle · palmitylsulfonyl fluoride · palmitylsulphonyl fluoride · PSF · hexadecanesulfonyl fluoride · hexadecyl sulfonyl fluoride · HDSF
A FAAH inhibitor used in the laboratory: it raises anandamide, without acting as a cannabinoid agonist.
Updated on
Level of detail
Harm-reduction warning
No characterised human dose: animal / in vitro data only. Effect profile, safety margin and acute toxicity are not documented in human clinical practice. Extremely potent compound: severe effects, seizures and deaths reported in the literature.
Identifiers
- Formula
- C₁₆H₃₃FO₂S
- Molar mass
- 308.50 g·mol⁻¹
- CAS
- -
- PubChem CID
- 3572
- First described
- 1997. La molécule est décrite par Dale G. Deutsch, Sonyuan Lin, Alexandros Makriyannis et leurs collègues dans Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, au sein d'une série de fluorures de sulfonyle à chaîne grasse évalués comme inhibiteurs de l'amidase de l'anandamide. AM-374, l'analogue en C16, s'est imposé comme le chef de file de cette série et a servi d'outil de référence pendant une décennie, avant d'être supplanté par des analogues plus sélectifs publiés en 2012 par le même laboratoire.
- Origin
- An entirely synthetic molecule. AM-374 exists neither in hemp nor in any known living organism: it is a pharmacological tool produced in the laboratory, belonging to the AM code series of the laboratory of Alexandros Makriyannis. Its skeleton is a saturated fatty chain of sixteen carbons, the same length as palmitic acid, terminated by a sulfonyl fluoride group that constitutes its reactive part.
- InChIKey
- QIVFMUVBIHIZAM-UHFFFAOYSA-N
In plain terms
AM-374 is a laboratory molecule, made by chemists, absent from hemp and from every plant. It does not mimic cannabis: it blocks an enzyme, FAAH, which normally destroys anandamide, a cannabinoid produced by the body itself. In animals, this blockade raises the level of anandamide in the brain; in humans, no data exist, the molecule never having left the laboratory.
Receptors and activity
- FAAHModulator
- CB1CI50 environ 520 nM, deplacement du [3H]CP-55,940 sur membranes de cerveau anterieur de ratModulator
- Agonist
- Partial agonist
- Antagonist
- Modulator
- Inverse agonist
Hover over a row for the precise value (Ki, EC50…)
Subjective signature
Hover over an axis to read its definition.
- Calm6
- Clarity4
- Sleep5
- Appetite4
- High4
Editorial estimate, not clinical.
Pharmacology
AM-374, or palmitylsulfonyl fluoride, is a covalent inhibitor of FAAH, the enzyme that hydrolyses anandamide into arachidonic acid and ethanolamine. Described in 1997 by the team of Dale Deutsch and Alexandros Makriyannis, it proved about twenty times more potent than PMSF at preventing the degradation of anandamide in brain homogenates, and more than a thousand times more effective than the latter in cultured cells. Its mode of action is indirect: it does not activate CB1 itself, it lets endogenous anandamide accumulate. In hippocampal slices it amplifies the effect of anandamide on acetylcholine release; in the rat it raises brain anandamide, activates the ERK/MAPK pathway and limits the excitotoxic lesions induced by kainic acid, effects abolished by the CB1 antagonist AM251, which confirms a relay through CB1. Two limitations are established and must be stated plainly: the molecule also binds directly to CB1 receptors at submicromolar concentrations, which blurs the interpretation of the results, and its sulfonyl fluoride reactivity exposes it to off-target reactions with other serine hydrolases, which is why more selective analogues were subsequently developed. Human data are entirely lacking: AM-374 remains a research reagent, never evaluated in humans, with no medical or food use.
Key sources.
- Deutsch DG, Lin S, Hill WA, Morse KL, Salehani D, Arreaza G, Omeir RL, Makriyannis A. Fatty acid sulfonyl fluorides inhibit anandamide metabolism and bind to the cannabinoid receptor. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1997;231(1):217-21.PMID 9070252
- Gifford AN, Bruneus M, Lin S, Goutopoulos A, Makriyannis A, Volkow ND, Gatley SJ. Potentiation of the action of anandamide on hippocampal slices by the fatty acid amide hydrolase inhibitor, palmitylsulphonyl fluoride (AM 374). Eur J Pharmacol. 1999;383(1):9-14.PMID 10556675
- Arizzi MN, Cervone KM, Aberman JE, Betz A, Liu Q, Lin S, Makriyannis A, Salamone JD. Behavioral effects of inhibition of cannabinoid metabolism: the amidase inhibitor AM374 enhances the suppression of lever pressing produced by exogenously administered anandamide. Life Sci. 2004;74(8):1001-11.PMID 14672756
- Karanian DA, Brown QB, Makriyannis A, Kosten TA, Bahr BA. Dual modulation of endocannabinoid transport and fatty acid amide hydrolase protects against excitotoxicity. J Neurosci. 2005;25(34):7813-20.PMID 16120783
- Karanian DA, Karim SL, Wood JT, Williams JS, Lin S, Makriyannis A, Bahr BA. Endocannabinoid enhancement protects against kainic acid-induced seizures and associated brain damage. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2007;322(3):1059-66.PMID 17545313
- Hwang J, Adamson C, Butler D, Janero DR, Makriyannis A, Bahr BA. Enhancement of endocannabinoid signaling by fatty acid amide hydrolase inhibition: a neuroprotective therapeutic modality. Life Sci. 2010;86(15-16):615-23.PMID 19527737
- Alapafuja SO, Nikas SP, Bharathan IT, Shukla VG, Nasr ML, Bowman AL, Zvonok N, Li J, Shi X, Engen JR, Makriyannis A. Sulfonyl fluoride inhibitors of fatty acid amide hydrolase. J Med Chem. 2012;55(22):10074-89.PMID 23083016
- Deutsch DG. A personal retrospective: elevating anandamide (AEA) by targeting fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) and the fatty acid binding proteins (FABPs). Front Pharmacol. 2016;7:370.PMID 27790143
Origin (research tool)
No biosynthetic pathway. AM-374 is produced by no plant and no living organism and comes solely from chemical synthesis, in the class of long alkyl chain sulfonyl fluorides.
Legal framework
France
AM-374 is named in no French text scheduling narcotics. Nor does it fall within the generic clause of annex IV of the decree of 22 February 1990, which covers tetrahydrocannabinols, their esters, ethers, salts as well as the salts of the aforementioned derivatives: AM-374 is neither a tetrahydrocannabinol nor a derivative thereof, but a fatty chain sulfonyl fluoride, chemically foreign to that family. Its status is therefore that of an unscheduled chemical, distributed for research, with no authorisation for human, food or cosmetic use in France.
European Union
No control measure at European Union level covers AM-374. The molecule does not appear among the substances that have been the subject of a risk assessment by the EUDA, formerly EMCDDA, or of a Council implementing decision: those procedures concerned synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists, a category to which AM-374 does not belong, since it acts on an enzyme and not on the receptor. Nor does it appear in the schedules of the United Nations conventions. Since national legislation may diverge, this finding holds for Union law and not for each Member State taken individually.
Sources: EUR-Lex, UNODC, CND, ANSM, IUPHAR/BPS, ChEBI, EUDA. Our method.
Structural classification
- Class
- ECS modulator (research)
- Origin
- An entirely synthetic molecule. AM-374 exists neither in hemp nor in any known living organism: it is a pharmacological tool produced in the laboratory, belonging to the AM code series of the laboratory of Alexandros Makriyannis. Its skeleton is a saturated fatty chain of sixteen carbons, the same length as palmitic acid, terminated by a sulfonyl fluoride group that constitutes its reactive part.
- Status
- Unscheduled
Fluorure d'alcane-sulfonyle à longue chaîne, dérivé palmitylique en C16, agissant comme électrophile covalent des sérine hydrolases. La molécule ne possède aucun noyau terpénophénolique et n'appartient donc pas aux cannabinoïdes au sens chimique ; son rattachement au système endocannabinoïde est purement fonctionnel, par sa cible enzymatique.
Pharmacokinetics
Peu documentée. Chez le rongeur, AM-374 administré par voie systémique franchit la barrière hémato-encéphalique et produit une inhibition durable de la FAAH cérébrale, accompagnée d'une élévation prolongée de l'anandamide dans plusieurs régions dont l'hippocampe. La durée d'action tient au caractère covalent de la liaison : la récupération de l'activité enzymatique dépend de la synthèse de nouvelles molécules de FAAH plutôt que de l'élimination du composé. Aucune donnée d'absorption, de distribution ou d'élimination n'a été publiée chez l'être humain.
Metabolism
Le devenir métabolique d'AM-374 lui-même n'a pas été décrit. Ce qui est établi, c'est son mécanisme : le groupement fluorure de sulfonyle transfère un groupe sulfonyle sur la sérine catalytique de la FAAH, ce qui inactive l'enzyme de manière irréversible ; la démonstration formelle de cette modification covalente, par spectrométrie de masse, a été apportée sur un analogue plus tardif de la même série. En bloquant la FAAH, la molécule interrompt la voie normale de dégradation de l'anandamide en acide arachidonique et éthanolamine.
Toxicology and risks
Aucune donnée de toxicologie humaine : AM-374 n'a jamais été administré à l'être humain et n'a fait l'objet d'aucun développement clinique. Deux signaux de prudence ressortent de la littérature animale et chimique. D'abord la sélectivité : les fluorures de sulfonyle sont des inhibiteurs connus d'estérases, si bien qu'une réactivité hors cible sur d'autres sérine hydrolases est attendue, et c'est explicitement pour corriger ce défaut que des analogues ultérieurs ont été conçus. Ensuite l'affinité résiduelle pour CB1, de l'ordre du sous-micromolaire, qui empêche d'attribuer les effets observés à la seule inhibition de la FAAH. Il s'agit d'un réactif de laboratoire, sans statut de médicament, sans usage alimentaire ni cosmétique, et sans marge de sécurité établie pour l'être humain.
Detection and analysis
Aucune méthode analytique dédiée au dépistage d'AM-374 chez l'être humain n'est publiée, et la molécule n'est pas décrite comme un produit de consommation. Dans les travaux précliniques, son action est suivie indirectement, par la mesure de l'activité FAAH sur les tissus et par le dosage de l'anandamide, généralement en chromatographie liquide couplée à la spectrométrie de masse.
References
- 1.Deutsch DG, Lin S, Hill WA, Morse KL, Salehani D, Arreaza G, Omeir RL, Makriyannis A. Fatty acid sulfonyl fluorides inhibit anandamide metabolism and bind to the cannabinoid receptor. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1997;231(1):217-21.PMID 9070252
- 2.Gifford AN, Bruneus M, Lin S, Goutopoulos A, Makriyannis A, Volkow ND, Gatley SJ. Potentiation of the action of anandamide on hippocampal slices by the fatty acid amide hydrolase inhibitor, palmitylsulphonyl fluoride (AM 374). Eur J Pharmacol. 1999;383(1):9-14.PMID 10556675
- 3.Arizzi MN, Cervone KM, Aberman JE, Betz A, Liu Q, Lin S, Makriyannis A, Salamone JD. Behavioral effects of inhibition of cannabinoid metabolism: the amidase inhibitor AM374 enhances the suppression of lever pressing produced by exogenously administered anandamide. Life Sci. 2004;74(8):1001-11.PMID 14672756
- 4.Karanian DA, Brown QB, Makriyannis A, Kosten TA, Bahr BA. Dual modulation of endocannabinoid transport and fatty acid amide hydrolase protects against excitotoxicity. J Neurosci. 2005;25(34):7813-20.PMID 16120783
- 5.Karanian DA, Karim SL, Wood JT, Williams JS, Lin S, Makriyannis A, Bahr BA. Endocannabinoid enhancement protects against kainic acid-induced seizures and associated brain damage. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2007;322(3):1059-66.PMID 17545313
- 6.Hwang J, Adamson C, Butler D, Janero DR, Makriyannis A, Bahr BA. Enhancement of endocannabinoid signaling by fatty acid amide hydrolase inhibition: a neuroprotective therapeutic modality. Life Sci. 2010;86(15-16):615-23.PMID 19527737
- 7.Alapafuja SO, Nikas SP, Bharathan IT, Shukla VG, Nasr ML, Bowman AL, Zvonok N, Li J, Shi X, Engen JR, Makriyannis A. Sulfonyl fluoride inhibitors of fatty acid amide hydrolase. J Med Chem. 2012;55(22):10074-89.PMID 23083016
- 8.Deutsch DG. A personal retrospective: elevating anandamide (AEA) by targeting fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) and the fatty acid binding proteins (FABPs). Front Pharmacol. 2016;7:370.PMID 27790143
Structured data
- InChIKey
- QIVFMUVBIHIZAM-UHFFFAOYSA-N
- SMILES
- CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCS(=O)(=O)F
- Formula
- C16H33FO2S
- Molar mass
- 308.50 g·mol⁻¹
- PubChem CID
- 3572
LLM ingestion format: a structured superset of the entry (identifiers, binding, versioned legal status). Full corpus.