Synthetic cannabinoid (SCRA)
UnscheduledAM-919
(6S,6aR,9R,10aR)-9-(hydroxymethyl)-6-(3-hydroxypropyl)-6-methyl-3-(2-methyloctan-2-yl)-6a,7,8,9,10,10a-hexahydrobenzo[c]chromen-1-ol
Aliases.AM919 · (6S,6aR,9R,10aR)-3-(1,1-dimethylheptyl)-6a,7,8,9,10,10a-hexahydro-1-hydroxy-9-(hydroxymethyl)-6-methyl-6H-dibenzo[b,d]pyran-6-propanol
A laboratory synthetic cannabinoid, very high affinity at CB1 and CB2, no human data.
Updated on
Level of detail
Harm-reduction warning
No characterised human dose: animal / in vitro data only. Effect profile, safety margin and acute toxicity are not documented in human clinical practice. Extremely potent compound: severe effects, seizures and deaths reported in the literature.
Identifiers
- Formula
- C₂₇H₄₄O₄
- Molar mass
- 432.32 g·mol⁻¹
- CAS
- -
- PubChem CID
- 10741414
- First described
- Décrit au milieu des années 1990 dans une série d'hybrides classiques et non classiques mise au point par les équipes de Marcus A. Tius et d'Alexandros Makriyannis. La logique de la série et les exigences stéréochimiques de la chaîne hydroxyalkyle paraissent dans Life Sciences en 1995 ; la série complète des homologues méthyle, éthyle et propyle en position 6 bêta, dont l'AM-919 est le terme propyle, est détaillée dans le Journal of Medicinal Chemistry en 1998.
- Origin
- An exclusively synthetic molecule. It occurs neither in cannabis nor in any living organism and has never been an ingredient of a finished product: it was created as a chemical probe, in order to map the binding site of the cannabinoid receptors.
- InChIKey
- PHILDZBONNKMNU-UOTIDGTBSA-N
In plain terms
AM-919 is a laboratory molecule, made by chemists in the 1990s to understand how the cannabis receptors work. It does not occur in the plant and enters no consumer product. The few published studies show that it binds very strongly to the cannabinoid receptors, but no trial in humans has ever been conducted.
Receptors and activity
- CB1Ki = 2,2 nM ([3H]CP-55,940, membranes synaptosomales de cerveau antérieur de rat)Agonist
- CB2Ki = 3,4 nM ([3H]CP-55,940, rate de souris)Agonist
- Agonist
- Partial agonist
- Antagonist
- Modulator
- Inverse agonist
Hover over a row for the precise value (Ki, EC50…)
Subjective signature
Hover over an axis to read its definition.
- Calm6
- Clarity4
- Sleep6
- Appetite8
- High6
Editorial estimate, not clinical.
Pharmacology
AM-919 is a tricyclic synthetic cannabinoid designed as a hybrid between the classical dibenzopyran-type cannabinoids and the non-classical CP-55,940-type cannabinoids: onto a hexahydrobenzo[c]chromene skeleton bearing a 1,1-dimethylheptyl chain at C-3 and a hydroxymethyl at C-9 is added a 3-hydroxypropyl chain at position 6 beta, which reproduces the so-called southern aliphatic hydroxyl of CP-55,940. The only published data are displacement measurements of [3H]CP-55,940: a Ki of 2.2 nM at the CB1 receptor and of 3.4 nM at the CB2 receptor, that is, a very high affinity at both receptors, with no marked selectivity. That work concluded that the length of the hydroxyalkyl chain has little influence on affinity, whereas its beta orientation is decisive. Beyond these binding assays, nothing has been established: the intrinsic efficacy of the molecule has not been measured, its in vivo effects have not been studied, its possible action at other targets has not been explored, and human data are entirely lacking.
Key sources.
- Drake DJ, Jensen RS, Busch-Petersen J, Kawakami JK, Fernandez-Garcia MC, Fan P, Makriyannis A, Tius MA. Classical/nonclassical hybrid cannabinoids: southern aliphatic chain-functionalized C-6beta methyl, ethyl, and propyl analogues. J Med Chem. 1998;41(19):3596-3608.PMID 9733485
- Tius MA, Hill WA, Zou XL, Busch-Petersen J, Kawakami JK, Fernandez-Garcia MC, Drake DJ, Abadji V, Makriyannis A. Classical/non-classical cannabinoid hybrids; stereochemical requirements for the southern hydroxyalkyl chain. Life Sci. 1995;56(23-24):2007-2012.PMID 7776825
- ChEMBL, donnees d'affinite CB1 et CB2 du compose CHEMBL121118 (AM-919), curees d'apres J Med Chem 1998;41:3596.
- PubChem, fiche du compose CID 10741414 (AM-919), identifiants et synonymes.
- Zangani C, Schifano F, Napoletano F, Arillotta D, Gilgar L, Guirguis A, Corkery JM, Gambini O, et al. The e-Psychonauts' 'Spiced' World; Assessment of the Synthetic Cannabinoids' Information Available Online. Curr Neuropharmacol. 2020;18(10):966-1051 (AM-919 recense absent des listes OEDT et ONUDC, categorie 2b).PMID 32116194
Origin (pharmaceutical research → illicit market)
No known biosynthetic pathway: AM-919 comes from no living organism. It is obtained chemically, by grafting a hydroxyalkyl chain onto a hexahydrobenzo[c]chromene skeleton of the classical cannabinoid type.
Legal framework
France
AM-919 is listed by name on no French narcotics list. The generic clause of annex IV of the decree of 22 February 1990 covers tetrahydrocannabinols, their esters, ethers and salts: AM-919 bears a fully saturated ring of the hexahydrocannabinol type and is neither an ester nor an ether of THC, so it is not caught by that clause. The fact that the ANSM had to classify hexahydrocannabinol (HHC), HHC-O and HHCP by name in June 2023 confirms that no French generic clause covers these saturated skeletons. Status: unscheduled. That does not make its sale for human consumption lawful for all that: it is a research compound, with no authorisation for use whatsoever.
European Union
No control measure at Union level covers AM-919: the molecule has never been the subject of a risk assessment by the EUDA (formerly the EMCDDA) and does not appear among the substances added to the European definition of a drug by the successive delegated directives. A survey published in 2020 finds it absent from the EMCDDA and UNODC repertories, while noting it among the names discussed on online forums. It is listed in no schedule of the international conventions of 1961 and 1971. Several member states nonetheless apply generic provisions or analogue laws liable to cover it, and this status may change.
Sources: EUR-Lex, UNODC, CND, ANSM, IUPHAR/BPS, ChEBI, EUDA. Our method.
Structural classification
- Class
- Synthetic cannabinoid (SCRA)
- Origin
- An exclusively synthetic molecule. It occurs neither in cannabis nor in any living organism and has never been an ingredient of a finished product: it was created as a chemical probe, in order to map the binding site of the cannabinoid receptors.
- Status
- Unscheduled
Cannabinoïde de synthèse tricyclique de type hexahydrobenzo[c]chromène, c'est-à-dire un squelette hexahydrocannabinol entièrement saturé. Hybride entre cannabinoïdes classiques et non classiques : chaîne 1,1-diméthylheptyle en C-3, hydroxyméthyle en C-9 et chaîne 3-hydroxypropyle en position 6 bêta, cette dernière reprenant l'hydroxyle aliphatique sud du CP-55,940.
Pharmacokinetics
Aucune donnée pharmacocinétique publiée : absorption, distribution, demi-vie et élimination de l'AM-919 n'ont été mesurées ni chez l'animal ni chez l'humain. Les publications disponibles se limitent à des essais de liaison sur préparations membranaires.
Metabolism
Aucune étude de métabolisme n'a été publiée sur l'AM-919 : ni ses métabolites, ni les enzymes hépatiques impliquées, ni ses voies de conjugaison n'ont été décrits.
Toxicology and risks
Aucune étude de toxicité, aucun cas clinique et aucun signalement d'intoxication ne concernent spécifiquement l'AM-919 : la molécule est restée un objet de laboratoire. Ce silence n'est pas un gage d'innocuité. Les cannabinoïdes de synthèse qui ont atteint le marché de rue, sur d'autres squelettes chimiques, ont été associés à des convulsions, des états d'agitation délirante, des troubles du rythme cardiaque, des vomissements incoercibles, des atteintes rénales aiguës et des décès ; ces observations appartiennent à ces molécules-là et ne sont pas des données de l'AM-919. Une affinité nanomolaire sur CB1 suffit néanmoins à rendre la réponse imprévisible, et ces produits sont typiquement rencontrés pulvérisés sur des végétaux et vendus sous un autre nom, parfois comme du CBD prétendument légal.
Detection and analysis
Aucune méthode analytique dédiée à l'AM-919 n'est publiée et la molécule ne figurait pas, lors du recensement de 2020, dans les répertoires de substances surveillées de l'OEDT ni de l'ONUDC. Son identification reposerait sur les approches génériques de criblage des cannabinoïdes de synthèse par chromatographie couplée à la spectrométrie de masse, avec la difficulté habituelle de la classe : sans étalon de référence, un analogue très proche peut être pris pour un autre.
References
- 1.Drake DJ, Jensen RS, Busch-Petersen J, Kawakami JK, Fernandez-Garcia MC, Fan P, Makriyannis A, Tius MA. Classical/nonclassical hybrid cannabinoids: southern aliphatic chain-functionalized C-6beta methyl, ethyl, and propyl analogues. J Med Chem. 1998;41(19):3596-3608.PMID 9733485
- 2.Tius MA, Hill WA, Zou XL, Busch-Petersen J, Kawakami JK, Fernandez-Garcia MC, Drake DJ, Abadji V, Makriyannis A. Classical/non-classical cannabinoid hybrids; stereochemical requirements for the southern hydroxyalkyl chain. Life Sci. 1995;56(23-24):2007-2012.PMID 7776825
- 3.ChEMBL, donnees d'affinite CB1 et CB2 du compose CHEMBL121118 (AM-919), curees d'apres J Med Chem 1998;41:3596.
- 4.PubChem, fiche du compose CID 10741414 (AM-919), identifiants et synonymes.
- 5.Zangani C, Schifano F, Napoletano F, Arillotta D, Gilgar L, Guirguis A, Corkery JM, Gambini O, et al. The e-Psychonauts' 'Spiced' World; Assessment of the Synthetic Cannabinoids' Information Available Online. Curr Neuropharmacol. 2020;18(10):966-1051 (AM-919 recense absent des listes OEDT et ONUDC, categorie 2b).PMID 32116194
Structured data
- InChIKey
- PHILDZBONNKMNU-UOTIDGTBSA-N
- SMILES
- CCCCCCC(C)(C)C1=CC2=C([C@@H]3C[C@@H](CC[C@H]3[C@](O2)(C)CCCO)CO)C(=C1)O
- Formula
- C27H44O4
- Molar mass
- 432.32 g·mol⁻¹
- PubChem CID
- 10741414
LLM ingestion format: a structured superset of the entry (identifiers, binding, versioned legal status). Full corpus.