Synthetic cannabinoid (SCRA)
UnscheduledAMG-3
(6aR,10aR)-3-(2-hexyl-1,3-dithiolan-2-yl)-6,6,9-trimethyl-6a,7,10,10a-tetrahydrobenzo[c]chromen-1-ol
Aliases.AMG3 · analogue 1',1'-dithiolane du Δ8-THC · 2-(6a,7,10,10a-tétrahydro-6,6,9-triméthyl-1-hydroxy-6H-dibenzo[b,d]pyranyl)-2-hexyl-1,3-dithiolane
Dithiolane analogue of Δ8-THC, a sub-nanomolar CB1/CB2 agonist, a laboratory probe with no human data.
Updated on
Level of detail
Harm-reduction warning
No characterised human dose: animal / in vitro data only. Effect profile, safety margin and acute toxicity are not documented in human clinical practice. Extremely potent compound: severe effects, seizures and deaths reported in the literature.
Identifiers
- Formula
- C₂₅H₃₆O₂S₂
- Molar mass
- 432.22 g·mol⁻¹
- CAS
- 179044-94-1
- PubChem CID
- 10002952
- First described
- Premier signalement en 1998, dans une série d'analogues du Δ8-THC à chaîne latérale contrainte publiée par l'équipe de D. P. Papahatjis (Fondation nationale hellénique de la recherche, Athènes) avec A. Makriyannis. Le code AMG-3 s'impose dans les publications à partir de 1999, quand la structure est confirmée par RMN 1D et 2D. La molécule a ensuite servi de gabarit à toute une famille d'analogues, AMG-9, AMG-14, AMG-36, AMG-38 et AMG-41, dont les données ne sont pas transposables à AMG-3.
- Origin
- An entirely synthetic molecule. It is produced by no plant, has never been detected in cannabis, and exists only as a laboratory compound prepared in an academic pharmacology setting.
- InChIKey
- JECXXFXYJAQVAH-WOJBJXKFSA-N
In plain terms
AMG-3 is a laboratory molecule developed in 1998 to study the way the cannabis receptors recognise their ligands. It does not exist in the plant and goes into no consumer product. The only data available come from animal experiments and computer modelling: nothing has been measured in human beings.
Receptors and activity
- CB1Ki = 0,32 nM (Papahatjis et al., 1998)Agonist
- CB2Ki = 0,52 nM (Papahatjis et al., 1998)Agonist
- Agonist
- Partial agonist
- Antagonist
- Modulator
- Inverse agonist
Hover over a row for the precise value (Ki, EC50…)
Subjective signature
Hover over an axis to read its definition.
- Calm10
- Clarity5
- Sleep15
- Appetite10
- High5
Editorial estimate, not clinical.
Pharmacology
AMG-3 is a classical cannabinoid built on the Δ8-THC skeleton, with a 1,3-dithiolane ring grafted at position C1' of the side chain. This conformational constraint multiplies the affinity: a Ki of 0.32 nM at CB1 and 0.52 nM at CB2, far beyond Δ8-THC itself, which made the molecule a probe for mapping the C1' subpocket of the binding site, and then a template for dozens of analogues. The phenol group of the A ring remains indispensable: its methylated homologue AMG-18 is practically inactive, a result that belongs to AMG-18 and not to AMG-3. In the rat, administration of AMG-3 reduces spontaneous activity, induces catalepsy at the highest exposures and lengthens the reaction time on the hot plate for at least twenty-four hours; the CB1 antagonist AM-251 cancels these effects. What remains unknown is considerable: intrinsic efficacy unmeasured, no metabolism data, no human data, no clinical report.
Key sources.
- Papahatjis DP, Kourouli T, Abadji V, Goutopoulos A, Makriyannis A. Pharmacophoric requirements for cannabinoid side chains: multiple bond and C1'-substituted delta-8-tetrahydrocannabinols. J Med Chem. 1998;41(7):1195-1200.PMID 9544219
- Papahatjis DP, Nikas SP, Kourouli T, Chari R, Xu W, Pertwee RG, Makriyannis A. Pharmacophoric requirements for the cannabinoid side chain. Probing the cannabinoid receptor subsite at C1'. J Med Chem. 2003;46(15):3221-3229.PMID 12852753
- Antoniou K, Galanopoulos A, Vlachou S, et al. Behavioral pharmacological properties of a novel cannabinoid 1',1'-dithiolane delta-8-THC analog, AMG-3. Behav Pharmacol. 2005;16(5-6):499-510.PMID 16148456
- Mavromoustakos T, Theodoropoulou E, Zervou M, Kourouli T, Papahatjis D. Structure elucidation and conformational properties of synthetic cannabinoids. J Pharm Biomed Anal. 1999;18(6):947-956.PMID 9925329
- Mavromoustakos T, Papahatjis D, Laggner P. Differential membrane fluidization by active and inactive cannabinoid analogues. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2001;1512(2):183-190.PMID 11406095
- Durdagi S, Reis H, Papadopoulos MG, Mavromoustakos T. Comparative molecular dynamics simulations of the potent synthetic classical cannabinoid ligand AMG3 in solution and at binding site of the CB1 and CB2 receptors. Bioorg Med Chem. 2008;16(15):7377-7387.PMID 18595717
- Zangani C, Schifano F, Napoletano F, et al. The e-Psychonauts' 'Spiced' World; Assessment of the Synthetic Cannabinoids' Information Available Online. Curr Neuropharmacol. 2020;18(10):966-1051 (AMG-3 : absente des listes UNODC et EMCDDA, catégorie 2b).PMID 32116194
Origin (pharmaceutical research → illicit market)
No known biological pathway: AMG-3 derives from no plant biosynthesis and comes solely from synthetic chemistry, by modification of the side chain of a Δ8-THC-type skeleton.
Legal framework
France
AMG-3 appears by name on no list published by the ANSM. The relevant text is annex IV of the decree of 22 February 1990, which generically schedules the tetrahydrocannabinols, their esters, ethers, salts and the salts of the aforementioned derivatives. AMG-3 retains the tetrahydro-dibenzopyran skeleton of Δ8-THC and departs from it only by the side chain: its situation therefore turns on the reading of that generic heading, and not on a listing by name. In every case, the molecule has no status as a consumer product, no marketing authorisation, and belongs only in a laboratory.
European Union
No control measure specific to AMG-3 has been adopted at Union level, and the molecule has been the subject of no formal risk assessment. A survey published in 2020 finds it absent from both the EUDA (formerly the EMCDDA) and the UNODC lists, while recording it in a database fed by online consumer forums, which places it among the structures discussed on the internet rather than among the substances seized. Several Member States would capture it through their generic definitions of tetrahydrocannabinol derivatives; it is listed under its name in no United Nations convention.
Sources: EUR-Lex, UNODC, CND, ANSM, IUPHAR/BPS, ChEBI, EUDA. Our method.
Structural classification
- Class
- Synthetic cannabinoid (SCRA)
- Origin
- An entirely synthetic molecule. It is produced by no plant, has never been detected in cannabis, and exists only as a laboratory compound prepared in an academic pharmacology setting.
- Status
- Unscheduled
Cannabinoïde dit classique : squelette tricyclique dibenzo[b,d]pyranique du Δ8-tétrahydrocannabinol, dont la chaîne latérale porte en position C1' un cycle 1,3-dithiolane qui rigidifie son orientation. Ce n'est ni un indole ni un indazole, contrairement à la majorité des agonistes de synthèse rencontrés sur le marché.
Pharmacokinetics
Aucun paramètre pharmacocinétique n'a été mesuré, ni chez l'animal ni chez l'être humain. Les seuls éléments indirects sont la durée d'action observée chez le rongeur, où l'effet antinociceptif persiste au moins vingt-quatre heures après administration intrapéritonéale, et la forte lipophilie de la molécule, dont l'insertion dans les bicouches phospholipidiques a été mesurée par diffraction des rayons X et calorimétrie. Ces éléments suggèrent une rétention tissulaire prolongée sans la démontrer.
Metabolism
Aucune étude de métabolisme n'a été publiée pour AMG-3 : ni les enzymes impliquées, ni les métabolites, ni les voies d'élimination ne sont documentés.
Toxicology and risks
Les seules observations disponibles sont comportementales et animales : chez le rat, réduction de l'activité motrice spontanée, catalepsie aux expositions les plus élevées, et élévation du seuil d'autostimulation intracrânienne, c'est-à-dire une absence de facilitation de la récompense que les auteurs interprètent comme un signal défavorable au potentiel d'abus. Ces effets sont levés par l'antagoniste CB1 AM-251. Il n'existe aucune étude de toxicité aiguë ou chronique, aucun cas clinique, aucun décès rapporté, et les données humaines manquent entièrement. Le risque tient précisément à cette combinaison : une affinité de plusieurs ordres de grandeur supérieure à celle du THC, sans aucune marge de sécurité établie chez l'humain.
Detection and analysis
Aucune méthode de dépistage ou de confirmation validée en toxicologie médico-légale n'a été publiée pour AMG-3. La structure a été élucidée par RMN 1D et 2D dès 1999, ce qui fournit une référence spectrale, mais la molécule ne figure pas dans les panels de criblage courants et les immunoessais destinés au THC ne sont pas validés pour elle.
References
- 1.Papahatjis DP, Kourouli T, Abadji V, Goutopoulos A, Makriyannis A. Pharmacophoric requirements for cannabinoid side chains: multiple bond and C1'-substituted delta-8-tetrahydrocannabinols. J Med Chem. 1998;41(7):1195-1200.PMID 9544219
- 2.Papahatjis DP, Nikas SP, Kourouli T, Chari R, Xu W, Pertwee RG, Makriyannis A. Pharmacophoric requirements for the cannabinoid side chain. Probing the cannabinoid receptor subsite at C1'. J Med Chem. 2003;46(15):3221-3229.PMID 12852753
- 3.Antoniou K, Galanopoulos A, Vlachou S, et al. Behavioral pharmacological properties of a novel cannabinoid 1',1'-dithiolane delta-8-THC analog, AMG-3. Behav Pharmacol. 2005;16(5-6):499-510.PMID 16148456
- 4.Mavromoustakos T, Theodoropoulou E, Zervou M, Kourouli T, Papahatjis D. Structure elucidation and conformational properties of synthetic cannabinoids. J Pharm Biomed Anal. 1999;18(6):947-956.PMID 9925329
- 5.Mavromoustakos T, Papahatjis D, Laggner P. Differential membrane fluidization by active and inactive cannabinoid analogues. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2001;1512(2):183-190.PMID 11406095
- 6.Durdagi S, Reis H, Papadopoulos MG, Mavromoustakos T. Comparative molecular dynamics simulations of the potent synthetic classical cannabinoid ligand AMG3 in solution and at binding site of the CB1 and CB2 receptors. Bioorg Med Chem. 2008;16(15):7377-7387.PMID 18595717
- 7.Zangani C, Schifano F, Napoletano F, et al. The e-Psychonauts' 'Spiced' World; Assessment of the Synthetic Cannabinoids' Information Available Online. Curr Neuropharmacol. 2020;18(10):966-1051 (AMG-3 : absente des listes UNODC et EMCDDA, catégorie 2b).PMID 32116194
Structured data
- InChIKey
- JECXXFXYJAQVAH-WOJBJXKFSA-N
- SMILES
- CCCCCCC1(SCCS1)C2=CC3=C([C@@H]4CC(=CC[C@H]4C(O3)(C)C)C)C(=C2)O
- Formula
- C25H36O2S2
- Molar mass
- 432.22 g·mol⁻¹
- CAS
- 179044-94-1
- PubChem CID
- 10002952
LLM ingestion format: a structured superset of the entry (identifiers, binding, versioned legal status). Full corpus.