ECS modulator (research)
UnscheduledAPD668
propan-2-yl 4-[1-(2-fluoro-4-methylsulfonylphenyl)pyrazolo[5,4-d]pyrimidin-4-yl]oxypiperidine-1-carboxylate
Aliases.APD-668 · APD 668 · JNJ-28630368 · composé 3k (Semple et al., 2011)
A synthetic agonist of the GPR119 receptor, target of the lipid OEA; no known activity at CB1 or CB2.
Updated on
Level of detail
Identifiers
- Formula
- C₂₁H₂₄FN₅O₅S
- Molar mass
- 477.50 g·mol⁻¹
- CAS
- -
- PubChem CID
- 11705608
- First described
- La molécule est décrite en 2011 par Graeme Semple et ses collègues d'Arena Pharmaceuticals, dans Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters, sous le numéro de composé 3k d'une série d'agonistes bicycliques fusionnés de GPR119. Les auteurs y indiquent qu'elle a été la première molécule de ce mécanisme d'action portée en développement clinique dans le diabète de type 2. Elle porte deux codes de développement, APD668 et JNJ-28630368.
- Origin
- An entirely synthetic molecule with no natural occurrence: it exists neither in hemp nor in any living organism. It was designed within a medicinal chemistry programme at Arena Pharmaceuticals, in San Diego, from the earlier lead compound AR231453, and circulates only as a research reagent.
- InChIKey
- XTRUQJBVQBUKSQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N
In plain terms
APD668 is an entirely synthetic molecule, developed in the 2000s by an American laboratory as a candidate medicine against type 2 diabetes. It is not a cannabinoid and is not found in hemp: it activates a receptor named GPR119, whose natural signal is a lipid of the same family as the internal messengers related to cannabis. Its development never produced a medicine and no human results have been published.
Receptors and activity
- GPR119pEC50 8,6 (GPR119 humain) et 7,5 (GPR119 de rat), essai mélanophore, Semple et al. 2011Agonist
- Agonist
- Partial agonist
- Antagonist
- Modulator
- Inverse agonist
Hover over a row for the precise value (Ki, EC50…)
Subjective signature
Hover over an axis to read its definition.
- Calm2
- Clarity2
- Sleep2
- Appetite2
- High2
Editorial estimate, not clinical.
Pharmacology
APD668 is a potent and selective agonist of the GPR119 receptor, a Gs protein-coupled receptor expressed mainly in the beta cells of the pancreas and in the enteroendocrine cells of the intestine. Semple and colleagues, at Arena Pharmaceuticals, reported in 2011 a pEC50 of 8.6 at the human receptor and of 7.5 at the rat receptor, measured in a melanophore assay. The link with the endocannabinoid system is indirect but documented: the endogenous ligand identified for GPR119 in 2006 is oleoylethanolamide, an N-acylethanolamine congener of anandamide, and a cryo-electron microscopy structure published in 2022 shows that lysophosphatidylcholine, another activating ligand, occupies the same pocket as APD668. By contrast, no affinity for CB1 or CB2 is reported for this molecule, which shares no cannabinoid skeleton. In rodents, activation of GPR119 increases incretin secretion and insulin secretion in a glucose-dependent manner; prolonged oral administration lowered blood glucose and glycated haemoglobin in the obese diabetic Zucker rat, and later work addressed steatohepatitis in mice, alone or in combination with a DPP-4 inhibitor. Human data are lacking: the molecule entered clinical development without any results being published, and nothing allows a therapeutic conclusion to be drawn from it.
Key sources.
- Semple G. et al., Discovery of fused bicyclic agonists of the orphan GPCR GPR119 with in vivo activity in rodent models of glucose control, Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett., 2011 (article de découverte d'APD668, composé 3k)PMID 21444206
- Xu P. et al., Structural identification of lysophosphatidylcholines as activating ligands for orphan receptor GPR119, Nat. Struct. Mol. Biol., 2022 (structure de GPR119 liée à APD668)PMID 35970999
- Overton H. A. et al., Deorphanization of a G protein-coupled receptor for oleoylethanolamide and its use in the discovery of small-molecule hypophagic agents, Cell Metab., 2006 (identification de l'OEA comme ligand endogène de GPR119)PMID 16517404
- Bahirat U. A. et al., APD668, a GPR119 agonist, improves fat tolerance and attenuates fatty liver in high-trans fat diet induced steatohepatitis model in C57BL/6 mice, Eur. J. Pharmacol., 2017PMID 28274625
- Bahirat U. A. et al., Co-administration of APD668, a GPR119 agonist, and linagliptin, a DPPIV inhibitor, prevents progression of steatohepatitis in mice, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 2018PMID 29203247
- Bahirat U. A. et al., Combination of APD668, a GPR119 agonist, with linagliptin prevents progression of steatohepatitis in a diabetic NASH mouse model, Med. Mol. Morphol., 2019PMID 29959534
- Markovics A. et al., GPR119 is a potent regulator of human sebocyte biology, J. Invest. Dermatol., 2020 (OEA, substance apparentée aux endocannabinoïdes, et GPR119)PMID 32142797
- IUPHAR/BPS Guide to Pharmacology, ligand 12151 (APD668) : agoniste de GPR119, pEC50 8,6 humain et 7,5 rat
- PubChem CID 11705608 (APD668) : formule, masse, InChIKey et synonymes
Origin (research tool)
No biosynthetic pathway leads to this molecule: APD668 is a product of medicinal chemistry, built by assembling a pyrazolopyrimidine core, a fluorinated and methylsulfonylated phenyl and a piperidinyl carbamate. Nothing comparable is produced by a plant or by an animal organism.
Legal framework
France
APD668 appears on no French list of narcotics or psychotropics: it is not named by the ANSM and it does not fall under the generic clause of annex IV of the decree of 22 February 1990, which covers tetrahydrocannabinols, their esters, their ethers, their salts as well as the salts of those derivatives. APD668 is neither a tetrahydrocannabinol nor a tetrahydrocannabinol derivative, so that clause does not concern it. Its status is that of an unscheduled substance, which does not make it marketable for all that: an experimental molecule without a marketing authorisation, it falls under medicines law and laboratory use, and its sale for human consumption would be unlawful on that basis.
European Union
No Union text places APD668 under control: it falls neither under the international conventions on narcotics and psychotropics, nor under a European control decision taken after a risk assessment, a procedure reserved for new psychoactive substances appearing on the recreational market. The molecule remains within the framework of the experimental medicine and the research chemical, without authorisation under the Novel Food Regulation, which rules out any placing on the market as a food ingredient.
Sources: EUR-Lex, UNODC, CND, ANSM, IUPHAR/BPS, ChEBI, EUDA. Our method.
Structural classification
- Class
- ECS modulator (research)
- Origin
- An entirely synthetic molecule with no natural occurrence: it exists neither in hemp nor in any living organism. It was designed within a medicinal chemistry programme at Arena Pharmaceuticals, in San Diego, from the earlier lead compound AR231453, and circulates only as a research reagent.
- Status
- Unscheduled
Carbamate d'isopropyle porté par une pipéridine reliée par un pont éther à un noyau pyrazolopyrimidine, lui-même substitué par un phényle fluoré et méthylsulfonylé. Ce squelette n'a rien de cannabinoïde : ni terpénophénol de type THC ou CBD, ni résorcinol, ni indole ou indazole des agonistes cannabinoïdes de synthèse.
Pharmacokinetics
APD668 est actif par voie orale chez le rongeur : les études publiées reposent sur une administration orale chez la souris et chez le rat, avec des effets métaboliques mesurables après une prise unique comme après plusieurs semaines de traitement. Chez le rat Zucker diabétique obèse, le traitement chronique a abaissé la glycémie et l'hémoglobine glyquée. Aucun paramètre pharmacocinétique humain, ni biodisponibilité, ni demi-vie, n'est publié dans la littérature accessible.
Metabolism
Aucune étude publiée ne décrit les métabolites d'APD668, les enzymes responsables de sa biotransformation ni son potentiel d'interaction médicamenteuse.
Toxicology and risks
Il n'existe aucun dossier de sécurité clinique publié pour APD668, et les données humaines manquent. Les publications précliniques disponibles portent sur l'efficacité métabolique chez la souris et chez le rat et ne signalent pas d'effet indésirable, ce qui ne vaut pas démonstration d'innocuité : ces travaux n'étaient pas conçus comme des études de toxicologie. Le mécanisme visé est présenté comme dépendant du glucose, argument avancé au niveau de la classe pour limiter le risque d'hypoglycémie, sans que cela ait été établi chez l'humain pour cette molécule. APD668 est un réactif de recherche et non un produit de consommation : il n'a aucune place dans un complément alimentaire, un aliment ou un cosmétique. Enfin, les résultats obtenus avec d'autres agonistes de GPR119, par exemple JNJ-38431055, appartiennent à ces molécules et ne peuvent pas être transposés à APD668.
Detection and analysis
Aucune méthode médico-légale dédiée n'est publiée pour APD668, qui n'est pas une substance de consommation et n'est pas recherchée dans les dépistages toxicologiques courants. Une identification reposerait sur une chromatographie liquide couplée à la spectrométrie de masse comparée à un standard de référence, en s'appuyant sur la formule et la masse consignées dans PubChem et ChEMBL.
References
- 1.Semple G. et al., Discovery of fused bicyclic agonists of the orphan GPCR GPR119 with in vivo activity in rodent models of glucose control, Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett., 2011 (article de découverte d'APD668, composé 3k)PMID 21444206
- 2.Xu P. et al., Structural identification of lysophosphatidylcholines as activating ligands for orphan receptor GPR119, Nat. Struct. Mol. Biol., 2022 (structure de GPR119 liée à APD668)PMID 35970999
- 3.Overton H. A. et al., Deorphanization of a G protein-coupled receptor for oleoylethanolamide and its use in the discovery of small-molecule hypophagic agents, Cell Metab., 2006 (identification de l'OEA comme ligand endogène de GPR119)PMID 16517404
- 4.Bahirat U. A. et al., APD668, a GPR119 agonist, improves fat tolerance and attenuates fatty liver in high-trans fat diet induced steatohepatitis model in C57BL/6 mice, Eur. J. Pharmacol., 2017PMID 28274625
- 5.Bahirat U. A. et al., Co-administration of APD668, a GPR119 agonist, and linagliptin, a DPPIV inhibitor, prevents progression of steatohepatitis in mice, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 2018PMID 29203247
- 6.Bahirat U. A. et al., Combination of APD668, a GPR119 agonist, with linagliptin prevents progression of steatohepatitis in a diabetic NASH mouse model, Med. Mol. Morphol., 2019PMID 29959534
- 7.Markovics A. et al., GPR119 is a potent regulator of human sebocyte biology, J. Invest. Dermatol., 2020 (OEA, substance apparentée aux endocannabinoïdes, et GPR119)PMID 32142797
- 8.IUPHAR/BPS Guide to Pharmacology, ligand 12151 (APD668) : agoniste de GPR119, pEC50 8,6 humain et 7,5 rat
- 9.PubChem CID 11705608 (APD668) : formule, masse, InChIKey et synonymes
Structured data
- InChIKey
- XTRUQJBVQBUKSQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N
- SMILES
- CC(C)OC(=O)N1CCC(CC1)OC2=NC=NC3=C2C=NN3C4=C(C=C(C=C4)S(=O)(=O)C)F
- Formula
- C21H24FN5O5S
- Molar mass
- 477.50 g·mol⁻¹
- PubChem CID
- 11705608
LLM ingestion format: a structured superset of the entry (identifiers, binding, versioned legal status). Full corpus.