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Synthetic

BZO-HEXOXIZIDAlso known as MDA-19

A synthetic cannabinoid of the OXIZID class, classified as a narcotic in France since June 2024.

Narcotic: named in schedule
Level of detail

Harm-reduction warning

No characterised human dose: animal / in vitro data only. Effect profile, safety margin and acute toxicity are not documented in human clinical practice. Extremely potent compound: severe effects, seizures and deaths reported in the literature.

C₂₁H₂₃N₃O₂

CAS 1048973-47-2

Family
Synthetic CB receptor agonistNew psychoactive substance
Molar mass
349.40 g/mol

Updated on

In plain terms

BZO-HEXOXIZID, also called MDA-19, has nothing to do with hemp: it is a laboratory molecule developed in 2008 by American researchers working on nerve pain. It has been found since 2021 in seized products, notably in Brazil and Mayotte. In France, it has been classed as a narcotic since the ANSM decision of 22 May 2024, and its effects in humans remain very poorly known.

Receptors and activity

Target network

CB2AgonistKi = 43.3 nM · humanbinding, human CB2
  • Activates
  • Blocks or inhibits

The lower the cited value, the closer the target sits to BZO-HEXOXIZID: one ring per factor of 100. A target with no measured value stays on the edge.

Where these targets live

Where each target has been found in humans, according to the cited studies. The map shows the target, not an effect of BZO-HEXOXIZID.

Brain, side view
Body, front view
Blood

CB2CB2 found in 5 regions of the body

  1. SpleendenseHighly abundant in the spleen1
  2. Immune cellspresentMainly B cells and natural killer cells1
  3. SkinpresentKeratinocytes, mast cells and nerve fibres2
  4. GutpresentImmune cells of the colonic mucosa3
  5. BonepresentPresent on osteoclasts4

Map sources

  1. Galiègue S et al. Expression of central and peripheral cannabinoid receptors in human immune tissues and leukocyte subpopulations. Eur J Biochem, 1995 (new tab)
  2. Ständer S et al. Distribution of cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1) and 2 (CB2) on sensory nerve fibers and adnexal structures in human skin. J Dermatol Sci, 2005 (new tab)
  3. Wright K et al. Differential expression of cannabinoid receptors in the human colon: cannabinoids promote epithelial wound healing. Gastroenterology, 2005 (new tab)
  4. Rossi F et al. The endovanilloid/endocannabinoid system in human osteoclasts: possible involvement in bone formation and resorption. Bone, 2009 (new tab)

Cited values

  1. CB2AgonistKi = 43.3 nM · human56 out of 100

    Xu et al. 2010, Anesth Analg (new tab) · binding, human CB2

  2. CB1AgonistKi = 162 nM · human46 out of 100

    Xu et al. 2010, Anesth Analg (new tab) · binding, human CB1

  3. CB2 (rat receptor, [35S]GTPγS assay)Inverse agonistno measured value cited
Bar length follows the measured value (Ki, Kd, EC50 or IC50), on one scale shared by every entry, from 100 µM to 0.1 nM. A target with no cited value has no bar.

Pharmacology

BZO-HEXOXIZID belongs to the OXIZID subclass of synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists, built on an isatin acylhydrazone skeleton foreign to hemp chemistry. Its initial characterisation (Diaz et al. 2008; Xu et al. 2010) describes it as a preferential ligand of the CB2 receptor (Ki of 43.3 nM at human CB2 against 162.4 nM at human CB1), which attenuates allodynia in rat models of neuropathic pain without changing locomotor activity. Recent work qualifies this reading: in β-arrestin 2 recruitment assays, OXIZIDs are full agonists at CB1 (Deventer et al. 2022), and Patel et al. (2024) find micromolar affinity at CB1, activity below that of earlier generations of synthetic cannabinoids, partial efficacy for MDA-19 and partial substitution for THC in mice; in rodents, MDA-19 does not fully substitute for Δ9-THC up to 100 mg/kg (Shetty et al. 2026). The appearance of a CB2 agonist on the illicit market intrigues toxicologists (de Araujo et al. 2023). No clinical series or human pharmacokinetics were found in the sources consulted. In zebrafish embryos, a 5-day exposure to 1, 10 and 20 mg/L reduces swimming and impairs the development of spinal motor neurons (Xu et al. 2025).

Key sources.

History

Source
A wholly synthetic molecule, absent from hemp and from any living organism. It comes from an academic research programme (Diaz et al. 2008, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center) and appeared as a street product after the Chinese generic legislation of July 2021, which pushed manufacturers towards replacement scaffolds (Deventer et al. 2022). A Brazilian series of 53 seizures between September 2021 and February 2022 contained it: 25 samples contained only this compound and 28 were mixtures, 11 of them with ADB-BUTINACA (de Araujo et al. 2023). In Mayotte, it was detected in 2 of the 80 « Chimique » samples collected in 2022 (Richeval et al. 2024).

Origin

Laboratory synthesis

No biosynthetic pathway: the molecule does not exist in living organisms and does not derive from the cannabigerol pathway. It is an N-alkylated isatin acylhydrazone (oxindol-3-ylidene benzohydrazide), described here by its chemical class only.

Classification

Family, origin and source verification

Family

Synthetic CB receptor agonist › New psychoactive substance

Class

oxoindole (OXIZID)

Verification

Classification, sources and binding values checked on 20 October 2026; text read against its sources and Wikipedia.

Wikipedia (English)

MDA-19 (new tab)

Article paired by the molecule's structure (InChIKey), revision read on 19 October 2026. Read as a second opinion, never cited as a source.

References

  1. Diaz et al. · J Med Chem 2008 (new tab)PMID 18666769
  2. Xu et al. · Anesth Analg 2010 (new tab)PMID 20522703
  3. Deventer et al. · Drug Test Anal 2022 (new tab)PMID 35560866
  4. Patel et al. · Eur J Pharmacol 2024 (new tab)PMID 38561104
  5. de Araujo et al. · Forensic Toxicol 2023 (new tab)PMID 36652069
  6. Richeval et al. · Drug Test Anal 2024 (new tab)PMID 37798946
  7. Lee et al. · Clin Chem 2022 (new tab)PMID 36175111
  8. Watanabe et al. · J Anal Toxicol 2023 (new tab)PMID 36857377
  9. Xu et al. · J Appl Toxicol 2025 (new tab)PMID 39477463
  10. Shetty et al. · J Cannabis Res 2026 (new tab)PMID 41526973

Identifiers

Names

Common name
BZO-HEXOXIZID (MDA-19)
IUPAC name
N-[(Z)-(1-hexyl-2-oxoindol-3-ylidene)amino]benzamide
Other names
MDA-19 · MDA19

Identifiers

Formula
C₂₁H₂₃N₃O₂
CAS
1048973-47-2
PubChem CID
25034599(new tab)
InChIKey
ZGQHMZCITJHYOW-QOCHGBHMSA-N
SMILES
CCCCCCN1C2=CC=CC=C2/C(=N/NC(=O)C3=CC=CC=C3)/C1=O

Machine-readable entry (JSON)

LLM ingestion format: a structured superset of the entry (identifiers, binding, versioned legal status). Full corpus.