Minor phytocannabinoid
Narcotic: generic clauseΔ9-cis-THC(-)-Δ9-cis-tetrahydrocannabinol
(6aS,10aR)-6,6,9-trimethyl-3-pentyl-6a,7,8,10a-tetrahydrobenzo[c]chromen-1-ol
Aliases.(-)-delta-9-cis-tetrahydrocannabinol · cis-THC · Δ9-cis-THC · (6aS,10aR)-Δ9-tétrahydrocannabinol · (6aS,10aR)-6,6,9-trimethyl-3-pentyl-6a,7,8,10a-tetrahydrobenzo[c]chromen-1-ol · CHEMBL4845760
The cis isomer of Δ9-THC, present in fibre hemp, a partial CB1 agonist about ten times weaker.
Updated on
Level of detail
Harm-reduction warning
No characterised human dose: animal / in vitro data only. Effect profile, safety margin and acute toxicity are not documented in human clinical practice. Extremely potent compound: severe effects, seizures and deaths reported in the literature.
Identifiers
- Formula
- C₂₁H₃₀O₂
- Molar mass
- 314.23 g·mol⁻¹
- CAS
- 43009-38-7
- PubChem CID
- 12831993
- First described
- Le squelette cis a d'abord été obtenu par voie synthétique, par Taylor, Lenard et Shvo en 1966, puis exploré par l'équipe de Razdan dans les années 1970. Smith et Kempfert ont signalé en 1977 la présence de Δ9-cis-THC dans des saisies de cannabis, mais une origine artéfactuelle ne pouvait pas être écartée et le résultat est resté marginal, au point que le comité OMS d'experts de la pharmacodépendance affirmait encore dans son quarantième rapport que le (-)-trans-Δ9-THC était le seul stéréoisomère naturel de la plante. La démonstration est venue en 2021 avec les travaux de Schafroth, Mazzoccanti, Reynoso-Moreno et de leurs collègues de l'ETH Zurich, de Berne, de Rome et de Novara, qui ont quantifié les deux énantiomères cis dans une trentaine de variétés de chanvre et établi la configuration absolue 6aS,10aR de l'énantiomère majoritaire.
- Origin
- A minor natural constituent of hemp, long overlooked. Δ9-cis-THC has been measured in the flowering tops of fibre hemp varieties listed in the European catalogue (Fedora 17, Felina 32, Futura 75, Kompolti, Carmagnola, Finola and others), at levels close to half those of Δ9-trans-THC, that is a trans to cis ratio close to 2 to 1. It was, by contrast, undetectable in a sample of medical cannabis rich in Δ9-trans-THC, which explains why it escaped decades of analyses centred on narcotic varieties. The natural product is scalemic, with an enantiomeric excess of the order of 80 to 89 per cent in favour of the laevorotatory form, which argues for formation within the plant rather than for a simple extraction artefact. It may also appear as a by-product during the acid cyclisation of cannabidiol.
- InChIKey
- CYQFCXCEBYINGO-SJORKVTESA-N
In plain terms
Δ9-cis-THC is a very close cousin of ordinary THC: the same formula, the same skeleton, but two atoms placed on the same side of the molecule instead of on opposite sides. It is found naturally in fibre hemp, in an amount close to half that of classic THC. It acts on the same receptors, but roughly ten times more weakly, and no study in humans has been published.
Receptors and activity
- CB1Ki 228 ± 45 nM ([3H]CP55,940, hCB1) ; CE50 552 ± 123 nM ([35S]GTPγS)Partial agonist
- CB2Ki 99 ± 29 nM ([3H]CP55,940, hCB2) ; CE50 119 ± 69 nM ([35S]GTPγS)Partial agonist
- ABHD12IC50 14,1 ± 2,6 µMModulator
- FAAHIC50 36,3 ± 2,7 µMModulator
- Agonist
- Partial agonist
- Antagonist
- Modulator
- Inverse agonist
Hover over a row for the precise value (Ki, EC50…)
Subjective signature
Hover over an axis to read its definition.
- Calm10
- Clarity5
- Sleep10
- Appetite10
- High10
Editorial estimate, not clinical.
Pharmacology
Δ9-cis-THC is the diastereoisomer of Δ9-trans-THC: the junction of the two rings is cis, of 6aS,10aR configuration for the enantiomer predominant in the plant. This single inversion divides affinity by a factor close to ten. At human receptors expressed in CHO cells, it binds CB1 with an inhibition constant close to 228 nM and CB2 close to 99 nM, against 22 nM and 47 nM for Δ9-trans-THC, and it behaves as a partial agonist in the [35S]GTPγS assay, like THC itself. In BALB/c mice it produces the full cannabinoid tetrad, hypothermia, catalepsy, hypolocomotion and analgesia, but about five to eight times more compound than Δ9-trans-THC is required to obtain the same response. The dextrorotatory enantiomer is, for its part, inactive at the concentrations tested. Inhibition of FAAH, ABHD6 and ABHD12 remains micromolar and probably without physiological significance. Human data are entirely lacking: neither pharmacokinetics, nor metabolism, nor subjective effects have been described. This compound is neither a safe product nor an inert one, simply a less potent and still psychoactive form of THC.
Key sources.
- Schafroth MA, Mazzoccanti G, Reynoso-Moreno I, et al. Δ9-cis-Tetrahydrocannabinol: Natural Occurrence, Chirality, and Pharmacology. J Nat Prod. 2021;84(9):2502-2510.PMID 34304557
- Dorsch C, Schneider C. Brønsted Acid Catalyzed Asymmetric Synthesis of cis-Tetrahydrocannabinoids. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl. 2023;62(24):e202302475.PMID 37057742
- PubChem CID 12831993, (-)-delta-9-cis-tetrahydrocannabinol (identifiants, InChIKey, CAS).
Biosynthetic pathway
Two pathways are proposed by the authors of the 2021 study, starting from cannabigerolic acid, common to all phytocannabinoids: either a poorly stereoselective oxidocyclase, related to those that produce cannabidiol and Δ9-trans-THC, or a pericyclic ring closure of the same precursor, related to the one that leads to cannabichromene. The scalemic and non-racemic character of the natural compound points towards partially stereoselective enzymatic catalysis. No dedicated enzyme has been isolated to date.
Legal framework
France
In France, Δ9-cis-THC is cited by name in no text. It falls under the generic mention of annex IV of the decree of 22 February 1990, which classifies as narcotics tetrahydrocannabinols, their esters, their ethers, their salts and the salts of the aforementioned derivatives. The compound being itself a tetrahydrocannabinol, a stereoisomer of Δ9-THC, it is covered by that generic clause and not by a listing by name. Its natural presence in fibre hemp creates a difficulty that the authors of the 2021 study explicitly raised, since two authorised varieties would exceed the regulatory threshold of 0.3 per cent if the cis isomer were counted together with the trans isomer.
European Union
No schedule of the international conventions names Δ9-cis-THC: it is treated there as a stereoisomer of Δ9-THC, a category that the control authorities have never distinguished from positional isomers. The WHO Expert Committee on Drug Dependence still considered, in its fortieth report, that (-)-trans-Δ9-THC was the only stereoisomer naturally present in the plant, a position contradicted by the measurements published in 2021. In the European Union, the 0.3 per cent threshold applicable to hemp bears on Δ9-THC and its isomers, but the reference chromatographic methods in practice quantify the trans forms; the authors of the 2021 study call for a revision, or at the very least a more precise definition, of this legal marker.
Sources: EUR-Lex, UNODC, CND, ANSM, IUPHAR/BPS, ChEBI, EUDA. Our method.
Structural classification
- Class
- Minor phytocannabinoid
- Origin
- A minor natural constituent of hemp, long overlooked. Δ9-cis-THC has been measured in the flowering tops of fibre hemp varieties listed in the European catalogue (Fedora 17, Felina 32, Futura 75, Kompolti, Carmagnola, Finola and others), at levels close to half those of Δ9-trans-THC, that is a trans to cis ratio close to 2 to 1. It was, by contrast, undetectable in a sample of medical cannabis rich in Δ9-trans-THC, which explains why it escaped decades of analyses centred on narcotic varieties. The natural product is scalemic, with an enantiomeric excess of the order of 80 to 89 per cent in favour of the laevorotatory form, which argues for formation within the plant rather than for a simple extraction artefact. It may also appear as a by-product during the acid cyclisation of cannabidiol.
- Status
- Narcotic: generic clause
Tétrahydrocannabinol de type THC, chaîne latérale pentyle en C3, jonction de cycles cis entre C6a et C10a (configuration 6aS,10aR pour l'énantiomère lévogyre). Diastéréoisomère du Δ9-trans-THC, dont il partage la formule brute et le squelette benzochromène.
Pharmacokinetics
Aucune donnée de pharmacocinétique n'a été publiée, ni chez l'animal ni chez l'humain : absorption, distribution, demi-vie et biodisponibilité restent inconnues. Les seules expériences in vivo disponibles reposent sur une administration intrapéritonéale chez la souris, sans dosage plasmatique associé.
Metabolism
Le métabolisme du Δ9-cis-THC n'est pas décrit. Les auteurs de l'étude de 2021 soulignent la conséquence pratique de cette lacune : si l'isomère cis se transformait comme le trans en dérivé 11-nor-9-carboxylique, les tests médicolégaux fondés sur ce métabolite deviendraient équivoques, d'autant que le glucuronide marqué du 11-nor-9-carboxy-cis-THC sert précisément d'étalon interne en chromatographie liquide couplée à la spectrométrie de masse.
Toxicology and risks
Aucune donnée de toxicologie humaine n'existe. Chez la souris, l'injection intrapéritonéale reproduit la tétrade cannabinoïde classique, signe d'une activité centrale dépendante du récepteur CB1, mais en quantités nettement supérieures à celles requises pour le Δ9-trans-THC. Les travaux anciens allaient dans le même sens : le racémique s'était montré inactif dans les tests comportementaux chez le singe rhésus en 1971, et l'énantiomère dextrogyre quasi inactif chez le chien en 1981, avec une puissance réduite d'un facteur cent. Rien ne permet d'affirmer que ce composé serait plus sûr que le Δ9-trans-THC ; il est simplement moins puissant, et il reste psychoactif.
Detection and analysis
Le Δ9-cis-THC se sépare des tétrahydrocannabinols trans aussi bien en chromatographie gazeuse qu'en chromatographie liquide, de sorte qu'il n'interfère pas avec les dosages réglementaires courants du Δ9-trans-THC ; c'est aussi la raison pour laquelle il est passé longtemps inaperçu. Sa quantification s'appuie sur les transitions m/z 314 vers 299 et 314 vers 243 en spectrométrie de masse en tandem, et la résolution de ses deux énantiomères demande une phase stationnaire chirale de type Whelk-O1, en phase normale ou en fluide supercritique. En revanche, il pourrait fausser les immunoessais de dépistage ainsi que le test colorimétrique au para-aminophénol utilisé en criminalistique.
References
- 1.Schafroth MA, Mazzoccanti G, Reynoso-Moreno I, et al. Δ9-cis-Tetrahydrocannabinol: Natural Occurrence, Chirality, and Pharmacology. J Nat Prod. 2021;84(9):2502-2510.PMID 34304557
- 2.Dorsch C, Schneider C. Brønsted Acid Catalyzed Asymmetric Synthesis of cis-Tetrahydrocannabinoids. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl. 2023;62(24):e202302475.PMID 37057742
- 3.PubChem CID 12831993, (-)-delta-9-cis-tetrahydrocannabinol (identifiants, InChIKey, CAS).
Structured data
- InChIKey
- CYQFCXCEBYINGO-SJORKVTESA-N
- SMILES
- CCCCCC1=CC2=C([C@@H]3C=C(CC[C@@H]3C(O2)(C)C)C)C(=C1)O
- Formula
- C21H30O2
- Molar mass
- 314.23 g·mol⁻¹
- CAS
- 43009-38-7
- PubChem CID
- 12831993
LLM ingestion format: a structured superset of the entry (identifiers, binding, versioned legal status). Full corpus.