Endocannabinoid
EndogenousDHEA-EADocosahexaenoyl ethanolamide
(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-N-(2-hydroxyethyl)docosa-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexaenamide
Aliases.synaptamide · DHA-EA · N-docosahexaénoyléthanolamine · docosahexaénoyl éthanolamide · NAE 22:6 · cervonoyl-EA
An omega-3 NAE derived from DHA, a ligand of the GPR110 receptor; unrelated to the hormone DHEA.
Updated on
Level of detail
Identifiers
- Formula
- C₂₄H₃₇NO₂
- Molar mass
- 371.60 g·mol⁻¹
- CAS
- -
- PubChem CID
- 5283451
- First described
- Identifiée en 1999 par Bisogno et ses collègues dans la rétine bovine, en même temps que l'anandamide, puis retrouvée dans le cerveau de mammifère. Le nom de synaptamide a été proposé en 2011 par l'équipe de Hee-Yong Kim, qui a décrit son activité synaptogène sur les neurones hippocampiques. Sa cible propre, le récepteur d'adhésion GPR110 (ADGRF1), a été identifiée en 2016 par Lee et ses collègues, faisant de cette molécule le premier ligand endogène de petite taille connu pour un récepteur de cette famille.
- Origin
- An endogenous molecule of mammals, including the human species. It does not exist in cannabis and derives from no phytocannabinoid: it comes from docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), a dietary omega-3 fatty acid supplied above all by oily fish and marine oils. Plasma concentrations rise in volunteers supplemented with fish oil, which makes it an indirect marker of DHA intake. Not to be confused with the hormone DHEA, dehydroepiandrosterone, an adrenal steroid that shares with it neither structure, nor pathway of formation, nor pharmacology: only the abbreviation is close.
- InChIKey
- GEEHOLRSGZPBSM-KUBAVDMBSA-N
In plain terms
Docosahexaenoyl ethanolamide, also called synaptamide, is a molecule the body makes itself from DHA, the omega-3 of oily fish. It does not come from hemp and has nothing in common with the hormone DHEA, despite the similarity of the abbreviations. The available work concerns the development of neurons in animals and in cells; in human beings, nothing is demonstrated.
Receptors and activity
- GPR110 (ADGRF1)EC50 de 2 à 5 nM pour la production d'AMPc, Kd apparent de l'ordre du nanomolaire (Lee et al., 2016)Agonist
- CB1Ki 633 nM (intervalle 292 à 1372 nM) sur membranes de cerveau de souris ; 124 nM en présence de PMSFPartial agonist
- CB2Ki 3843 nM (intervalle 2995 à 4932 nM) ; 2141 nM en présence de PMSFPartial agonist
- Agonist
- Partial agonist
- Antagonist
- Modulator
- Inverse agonist
Hover over a row for the precise value (Ki, EC50…)
Subjective signature
Hover over an axis to read its definition.
- Calm12
- Clarity15
- Sleep10
- Appetite8
- High10
Editorial estimate, not clinical.
Pharmacology
An omega-3 cousin of anandamide, this N-acylethanolamide is distinguished by a target that does not belong to the classical cannabinoid system: the adhesion receptor GPR110 (ADGRF1), of which it was recognised in 2016 as the first small endogenous ligand. Binding to the GAIN domain activates a Gαs pathway, raises cAMP and recruits PKA, a mechanism to which are attached the effects of neuritogenesis, synaptogenesis and restraint of the nuclear translocation of NF-κB described in cells and in the mouse. Cannabinoid activity exists but remains secondary: the affinity measured on mouse brain membranes is of the order of 633 nM for CB1 and 3843 nM for CB2, far from the nanomolar potencies recorded at GPR110, and several effects attributed to the molecule persist when CB1 and CB2 are blocked. Work in the mouse nevertheless shows a raised seizure threshold suppressed by a CB1 antagonist, which confirms a genuine, if minor, cannabinoid contribution. Inactivation proceeds through FAAH and through COX-2 and lipoxygenase oxygenations producing metabolites that are themselves active on macrophages. Human data are lacking: no administration study, no clinical trial, and circulating concentrations have been followed only as a reflection of dietary DHA intake. No therapeutic benefit is established.
Key sources.
- Bisogno T. et al., Biosynthesis and inactivation of N-arachidonoylethanolamine (anandamide) and N-docosahexaenoylethanolamine in bovine retina, Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics, 1999PMID 10577359
- Kim H.-Y., Spector A.A., Xiong Z.-M., A synaptogenic amide N-docosahexaenoylethanolamide promotes hippocampal development, Prostaglandins and Other Lipid Mediators, 2011PMID 21810478
- Lee J.-W. et al., Orphan GPR110 (ADGRF1) targeted by N-docosahexaenoylethanolamine in development of neurons and cognitive function, Nature Communications, 2016
- Park T. et al., GPR110 (ADGRF1) mediates anti-inflammatory effects of N-docosahexaenoylethanolamine, Journal of Neuroinflammation (PMC6858791)
- Brown I. et al., Cannabinoid receptor-dependent and -independent anti-proliferative effects of omega-3 ethanolamides in prostate cancer cell lines (affinités CB1 et CB2 du DHEA), PMC2930808
- Ghanbari M.-M., Gharibi Loron A., Sayyah M., The omega-3 endocannabinoid docosahexaenoyl ethanolamide reduces seizure susceptibility in mice by activating cannabinoid type 1 receptors, Brain Research Bulletin, 2021PMID 33581310
- PubChem CID 5283451, Synaptamide (identifiants, formule, InChIKey)
Biosynthetic pathway (in vivo)
Formation through the classic N-acylethanolamide pathway: a DHA residue carried by a phospholipid is transferred onto phosphatidylethanolamine by an N-acyltransferase, which produces N-docosahexaenoyl-phosphatidylethanolamine, a precursor subsequently hydrolysed by NAPE-phospholipase D to release the ethanolamide. Alternative pathways independent of NAPE-PLD have been described for this family of lipids. The availability of dietary DHA directly governs the quantities formed in tissues.
Legal framework
France
An endogenous substance, produced naturally by the human organism from a dietary fatty acid. It is named in no French decree classifying narcotics or psychotropics, nor is it caught by the generic clause of the decree of 22 February 1990, annex IV, which covers the tetrahydrocannabinols, their esters, ethers, salts and the salts of those derivatives: this compound is neither a tetrahydrocannabinol nor a tetrahydrocannabinol derivative. Its status is therefore that of an unscheduled molecule, neither by name nor by clause. Placing it on the market as a food ingredient or as a supplement would, on the other hand, fall under the European novel foods regulation and the corresponding national assessment, a framework in which no specific authorisation is known.
European Union
No international classification: the molecule appears neither in the United Nations conventions of 1961 and 1971, nor in the lists of the EUDA, formerly the EMCDDA, devoted to new psychoactive substances. It circulates in the European Union as a laboratory reagent and as an analytical standard. Any marketing intended for human beings would remain subject, depending on the claim made, to the novel foods regulation or to medicinal product regulation.
Sources: EUR-Lex, UNODC, CND, ANSM, IUPHAR/BPS, ChEBI, EUDA. Our method.
Structural classification
- Class
- Endocannabinoid
- Origin
- An endogenous molecule of mammals, including the human species. It does not exist in cannabis and derives from no phytocannabinoid: it comes from docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), a dietary omega-3 fatty acid supplied above all by oily fish and marine oils. Plasma concentrations rise in volunteers supplemented with fish oil, which makes it an indirect marker of DHA intake. Not to be confused with the hormone DHEA, dehydroepiandrosterone, an adrenal steroid that shares with it neither structure, nor pathway of formation, nor pharmacology: only the abbreviation is close.
- Status
- Endogenous
N-acyléthanolamide (NAE) de la série oméga-3 : amide formé entre l'acide docosahexaénoïque (22:6 n-3) et l'éthanolamine. Congénère direct de l'anandamide, dont il diffère par une chaîne acyle de 22 carbones portant six doubles liaisons cis au lieu de 20 carbones et quatre insaturations.
Pharmacokinetics
Les données proviennent presque exclusivement du rongeur. Après administration intrapéritonéale chez la souris, la molécule est retrouvée dans le plasma et dans le cerveau, ce qui indique un passage de la barrière hématoencéphalique. Chez l'être humain, aucune étude d'administration n'existe : seules les variations des taux plasmatiques endogènes ont été suivies, ces taux augmentant nettement sous supplémentation alimentaire en DHA. Biodisponibilité orale, demi-vie et paramètres d'exposition ne sont pas établis chez l'être humain.
Metabolism
Inactivation principalement assurée par la FAAH, l'amide hydrolase des acides gras, qui coupe la liaison amide et libère du DHA et de l'éthanolamine, avec une efficacité inférieure à celle observée pour l'anandamide. Des voies oxydatives complètent cette dégradation : la COX-2 conduit à des dérivés 13-hydroxy et 16-hydroxy, tandis que les lipoxygénases produisent notamment un dérivé 17-hydroxy, des composés dihydroxylés et un époxyde hydroxylé. Plusieurs de ces métabolites oxygénés possèdent leur propre activité immunomodulatrice sur les macrophages, si bien que le devenir métabolique ne se réduit pas à une simple élimination.
Toxicology and risks
Aucune étude de toxicité réglementaire n'est publiée et les données humaines manquent totalement. Les travaux chez le rongeur reposent sur des administrations intrapéritonéales répétées sans mortalité ni toxicité rapportée, mais ces publications visent l'efficacité et ne constituent pas une évaluation de sécurité. S'agissant d'un métabolite endogène issu d'un acide gras alimentaire courant, aucun signal de dépendance, d'intoxication aiguë ou d'effet psychoactif n'a été décrit dans la littérature. Le profil de risque d'une administration exogène chez l'être humain reste inconnu.
Detection and analysis
Le dosage se fait dans le plasma, le cerveau et les tissus par chromatographie liquide couplée à la spectrométrie de masse en tandem, après extraction lipidique et ajout d'un étalon interne deutéré, méthode usuelle de la lipidomique des N-acyléthanolamides. La chromatographie en phase gazeuse couplée à la spectrométrie de masse avait servi lors de la caractérisation initiale dans la rétine. Aucun dépistage toxicologique ni contrôle antidopage ne recherche cette molécule, puisqu'elle est endogène et non classée.
References
- 1.Bisogno T. et al., Biosynthesis and inactivation of N-arachidonoylethanolamine (anandamide) and N-docosahexaenoylethanolamine in bovine retina, Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics, 1999PMID 10577359
- 2.Kim H.-Y., Spector A.A., Xiong Z.-M., A synaptogenic amide N-docosahexaenoylethanolamide promotes hippocampal development, Prostaglandins and Other Lipid Mediators, 2011PMID 21810478
- 3.Lee J.-W. et al., Orphan GPR110 (ADGRF1) targeted by N-docosahexaenoylethanolamine in development of neurons and cognitive function, Nature Communications, 2016
- 4.Park T. et al., GPR110 (ADGRF1) mediates anti-inflammatory effects of N-docosahexaenoylethanolamine, Journal of Neuroinflammation (PMC6858791)
- 5.Brown I. et al., Cannabinoid receptor-dependent and -independent anti-proliferative effects of omega-3 ethanolamides in prostate cancer cell lines (affinités CB1 et CB2 du DHEA), PMC2930808
- 6.Ghanbari M.-M., Gharibi Loron A., Sayyah M., The omega-3 endocannabinoid docosahexaenoyl ethanolamide reduces seizure susceptibility in mice by activating cannabinoid type 1 receptors, Brain Research Bulletin, 2021PMID 33581310
- 7.PubChem CID 5283451, Synaptamide (identifiants, formule, InChIKey)
Structured data
- InChIKey
- GEEHOLRSGZPBSM-KUBAVDMBSA-N
- SMILES
- CC/C=C\C/C=C\C/C=C\C/C=C\C/C=C\C/C=C\CCC(=O)NCCO
- Formula
- C24H37NO2
- Molar mass
- 371.60 g·mol⁻¹
- PubChem CID
- 5283451
LLM ingestion format: a structured superset of the entry (identifiers, binding, versioned legal status). Full corpus.