Semi-synthetic cannabinoid
Narcotic: named in scheduleexo-THCexo-Tetrahydrocannabinol
(6aR,10aR)-6,6-dimethyl-9-methylidene-3-pentyl-7,8,10,10a-tetrahydro-6aH-benzo[c]chromen-1-ol
Aliases.Delta9,11-THC · Δ9,11-THC · Δ9(11)-THC · Δ11-THC · delta-11-tétrahydrocannabinol · exo-tétrahydrocannabinol
An exocyclic isomer of THC, a weakened CB1 agonist; never administered to humans.
Updated on
Level of detail
Harm-reduction warning
No characterised human dose: animal / in vitro data only. Effect profile, safety margin and acute toxicity are not documented in human clinical practice. Extremely potent compound: severe effects, seizures and deaths reported in the literature.
Identifiers
- Formula
- C₂₁H₃₀O₂
- Molar mass
- 314.50 g·mol⁻¹
- CAS
- -
- PubChem CID
- 167577
- First described
- La première synthèse est publiée en 1971 par Wildes, Martin, Pitt et Wall, au Research Triangle Institute, sous le titre « The synthesis of (-)-delta-9(11)-trans-tetrahydrocannabinol ». La pharmacologie animale suit dans les années 1980 avec Beardsley, Scimeca et Martin, puis au début des années 1990 avec les travaux de Compton, Razdan et Wiley. La molécule est ensuite restée un objet de laboratoire et un étalon analytique, jusqu'à son identification en 2021 par le laboratoire forensique de la FDA dans des liquides de vapotage saisis.
- Origin
- exo-THC does not exist in hemp: no enzyme of the plant forms this exocyclic double bond, and the molecule does not figure among the recorded phytocannabinoids. It appears as a manufacturing impurity, at two points in the supply chain. In medicines first, where the United States Pharmacopeia has made it a reference standard attached to the dronabinol monograph, that is to say a specified impurity of pharmaceutical THC. On the grey market next: the FDA's forensic laboratory identified it in vaping liquids seized during the EVALI episode, alongside Δ8-THC, Δ10-THC and Δ6a,10a-THC, all markers of a chemical conversion of cannabidiol.
- InChIKey
- AOYYFUGUUIRBML-IAGOWNOFSA-N
In plain terms
exo-THC is a close relative of THC: the same molecular formula, but a double bond that points out of the ring instead of staying within it. Hemp does not produce it; the molecule appears as an impurity during the manufacture of pharmaceutical THC and during the chemical conversion of CBD. In animals it reproduces the effects of THC, but much more of it is needed, and no study has ever been carried out in humans.
Receptors and activity
- CB1Déplacement du [3H]CP-55,940 sur membranes de cerveau de rat : IC50 = 334 nM contre 218 nM pour le Δ9-THC dans la même étude (Compton et al. 1991) ; tétrade murine : ED50 = 15 mg/kg (activité locomotrice), 24 mg/kg (immobilité tonique), 56 mg/kg (hypothermie), MPE50 = 5,4 mg/kg (retrait de la queue) ; substitution complète au Δ9-THC en discrimination chez le rat et le singe rhésus (Wiley et al. 1993)Partial agonist
- Agonist
- Partial agonist
- Antagonist
- Modulator
- Inverse agonist
Hover over a row for the precise value (Ki, EC50…)
Subjective signature
Hover over an axis to read its definition.
- Calm6
- Clarity4
- Sleep6
- Appetite6
- High6
Editorial estimate, not clinical.
Pharmacology
exo-THC, or Δ9,11-THC, shifts the double bond outside the terpene ring: it bears an exocyclic methylidene group at C9, where Δ9-THC and Δ8-THC keep it inside. This modification does not abolish recognition of the CB1 receptor, since the molecule displaces tritiated CP-55,940 from rat brain membranes with an IC50 of 334 nM, against 218 nM for Δ9-THC in the same series. Functional activity, by contrast, is markedly weakened: the murine cannabinoid tetrad is indeed reproduced, with reduced locomotor activity, analgesia, hypothermia and tonic immobility, but doses four to forty times higher than those of Δ9-THC are required depending on the criterion measured. In drug discrimination, exo-THC fully substitutes for Δ9-THC in the rat as in the rhesus monkey, with lower potency in both species, and the authors conclude that it is devoid of antagonist properties in this paradigm, which corrects an earlier hypothesis drawn from pretreatment experiments in the monkey. Nothing has been measured at CB2, TRPV1, GPR55, PPARγ or 5-HT1A. Human data are entirely lacking: the molecule has never been administered to volunteers and no clinical case is published.
Key sources.
- Wildes JW, Martin NH, Pitt CG, Wall ME. The synthesis of (-)-delta-9(11)-trans-tetrahydrocannabinol. Journal of Organic Chemistry, 1971PMID 5545571
- Beardsley PM, Scimeca JA, Martin BR. Studies on the agonistic activity of delta 9-11-tetrahydrocannabinol in mice, dogs and rhesus monkeys and its interactions with delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 1987PMID 3033218
- Compton DR, Prescott WR Jr, Martin BR, Siegel C, Gordon PM, Razdan RK. Synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of ether and related analogues of delta 8-, delta 9-, and delta 9,11-tetrahydrocannabinol. Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 1991PMID 1659638
- Wiley JL, Barrett RL, Britt DT, Balster RL, Martin BR. Discriminative stimulus effects of delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol and delta 9-11-tetrahydrocannabinol in rats and rhesus monkeys. Neuropharmacology, 1993PMID 8388551
- OMS, Expert Committee on Drug Dependence. Isomers of THC : Critical Review Report, 41e réunion, 2018
- Ciolino LA, Ranieri TL, Brueggemeyer JL, Taylor AM, Mohrhaus AS. EVALI Vaping Liquids Part 1 : GC-MS Cannabinoids Profiles and Identification of Unnatural THC Isomers. Frontiers in Chemistry, 2021PMID 34631667
- PubChem, Delta(9-11)-Tetrahydrocannabinol, CID 167577 (National Library of Medicine)
- Arrêté du 22 février 1990 fixant la liste des substances classées comme stupéfiants, annexe IV (Légifrance)
Route of preparation (chemical process)
No known enzymatic pathway: hemp possesses no synthase capable of creating this exocyclic double bond. exo-THC is obtained by isomerisation of Δ8-THC, either photochemically under ultraviolet light or by addition then elimination of a hydrogen halide in basic medium. It also forms of its own accord as a by-product during the synthesis and chemical conversion of tetrahydrocannabinols.
Legal framework
France
In France, exo-THC is not listed by name by the ANSM. It falls under annex IV of the decree of 22 February 1990, which classifies as narcotics "Tetrahydrocannabinols, their esters, ethers, salts as well as the salts of the aforementioned derivatives": exo-THC being itself a tetrahydrocannabinol, it falls directly under the head term of this generic clause, and not under the branch covering esters. This is therefore a family classification, not an individual listing. Production, possession, transfer and use are prohibited, and a consumer product containing it is unlawful, whatever its CBD content may otherwise be.
European Union
Internationally, exo-THC is one of the six isomers of tetrahydrocannabinol listed by name in Schedule I of the 1971 Convention on Psychotropic Substances, under the designation (6aR,10aR)-6a,7,8,9,10,10a-hexahydro-6,6-dimethyl-9-methylene-3-pentyl-6H-dibenzo[b,d]pyran-1-ol. The WHO Expert Committee re-examined these six isomers at its 41st meeting, in 2018. The European Union keeps no single list of narcotics: each Member State transposes the convention into its national law, most often through a generic entry covering the tetrahydrocannabinols. Unlike HHC, long sold outside the scope of the conventions, exo-THC is indeed covered by the UN listing; no control measure specific to the Union targets it in particular.
Sources: EUR-Lex, UNODC, CND, ANSM, IUPHAR/BPS, ChEBI, EUDA. Our method.
Structural classification
- Class
- Semi-synthetic cannabinoid
- Origin
- exo-THC does not exist in hemp: no enzyme of the plant forms this exocyclic double bond, and the molecule does not figure among the recorded phytocannabinoids. It appears as a manufacturing impurity, at two points in the supply chain. In medicines first, where the United States Pharmacopeia has made it a reference standard attached to the dronabinol monograph, that is to say a specified impurity of pharmaceutical THC. On the grey market next: the FDA's forensic laboratory identified it in vaping liquids seized during the EVALI episode, alongside Δ8-THC, Δ10-THC and Δ6a,10a-THC, all markers of a chemical conversion of cannabidiol.
- Status
- Narcotic: named in schedule
Cannabinoïde de type THC : squelette dibenzo[b,d]pyrane, chaîne latérale pentyle en position 3, mais double liaison exocyclique portée par un groupe méthylidène en C9, hors du cycle terpénique, là où le Δ9-THC et le Δ8-THC la gardent à l'intérieur. Deux carbones asymétriques, en 6a et 10a, autorisent quatre stéréoisomères ; seule la forme trans (6aR,10aR) est décrite dans la littérature.
Pharmacokinetics
Aucune étude de pharmacocinétique humaine n'a été publiée. Le comité d'experts de l'OMS relève que les données propres aux isomères du THC sont rares et raisonne par analogie : comme les autres tétrahydrocannabinols, l'exo-THC est très lipophile et se distribue vers le cerveau après administration parentérale, orale ou par inhalation, ce que confirment indirectement les effets comportementaux obtenus chez la souris, le rat et le singe rhésus. Le métabolisme initial est hépatique et assuré par les cytochromes P450. Demi-vie, biodisponibilité et volume de distribution restent inconnus, chez l'animal comme chez l'humain.
Metabolism
La position exocyclique de la double liaison, portée par le carbone 11, modifie le devenir métabolique. Là où le Δ9-THC et le Δ8-THC sont d'abord hydroxylés en C11 pour donner un métabolite majeur bien caractérisé, puis son dérivé carboxylé, le comité d'experts de l'OMS relève que l'exo-THC produit un éventail de métabolites plus diversifié. Les cytochromes P450 hépatiques restent la porte d'entrée, mais aucune cartographie complète n'a été publiée, et rien n'indique quel marqueur urinaire serait exploitable en toxicologie médico-légale.
Toxicology and risks
Le profil toxicologique n'est établi que chez l'animal, et seulement sur un paramètre : la dose létale médiane par voie intraveineuse atteint 93 mg/kg chez la souris, soit le double de celle mesurée pour le Δ9-THC. Le comité d'experts de l'OMS ajoute que l'exo-THC possède une activité pharmacologique nettement inférieure à celle du Δ9-THC et qu'une intoxication de type cannabique exigerait des doses élevées. Aucun volontaire n'a reçu la molécule pure, aucun cas clinique n'est publié, et le potentiel de dépendance n'a été évalué ni chez l'animal ni chez l'humain, pour aucun des six isomères listés. Le risque tient donc moins à la substance isolée qu'aux produits qui la contiennent : les liquides de vapotage issus de la conversion chimique du CBD associent plusieurs isomères et des résidus de réaction non caractérisés.
Detection and analysis
L'identification repose sur la chromatographie en phase gazeuse couplée à la spectrométrie de masse, après dérivation en triméthylsilyle : c'est par cette voie, sur une phase silphénylène, que le laboratoire forensique de la FDA a séparé l'exo-THC du Δ8-THC, du Δ10-THC et du Δ6a,10a-THC dans des liquides de vapotage. Un étalon de référence commercial existe, rattaché à la monographie du dronabinol de la pharmacopée américaine, ce qui rend le dosage accessible aux laboratoires de contrôle. En revanche, la réactivité croisée de l'exo-THC et de ses métabolites avec les immunodosages cannabinoïdes urinaires n'a pas été documentée.
References
- 1.Wildes JW, Martin NH, Pitt CG, Wall ME. The synthesis of (-)-delta-9(11)-trans-tetrahydrocannabinol. Journal of Organic Chemistry, 1971PMID 5545571
- 2.Beardsley PM, Scimeca JA, Martin BR. Studies on the agonistic activity of delta 9-11-tetrahydrocannabinol in mice, dogs and rhesus monkeys and its interactions with delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 1987PMID 3033218
- 3.Compton DR, Prescott WR Jr, Martin BR, Siegel C, Gordon PM, Razdan RK. Synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of ether and related analogues of delta 8-, delta 9-, and delta 9,11-tetrahydrocannabinol. Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 1991PMID 1659638
- 4.Wiley JL, Barrett RL, Britt DT, Balster RL, Martin BR. Discriminative stimulus effects of delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol and delta 9-11-tetrahydrocannabinol in rats and rhesus monkeys. Neuropharmacology, 1993PMID 8388551
- 5.OMS, Expert Committee on Drug Dependence. Isomers of THC : Critical Review Report, 41e réunion, 2018
- 6.Ciolino LA, Ranieri TL, Brueggemeyer JL, Taylor AM, Mohrhaus AS. EVALI Vaping Liquids Part 1 : GC-MS Cannabinoids Profiles and Identification of Unnatural THC Isomers. Frontiers in Chemistry, 2021PMID 34631667
- 7.PubChem, Delta(9-11)-Tetrahydrocannabinol, CID 167577 (National Library of Medicine)
- 8.Arrêté du 22 février 1990 fixant la liste des substances classées comme stupéfiants, annexe IV (Légifrance)
Structured data
- InChIKey
- AOYYFUGUUIRBML-IAGOWNOFSA-N
- SMILES
- CCCCCC1=CC(=C2[C@@H]3CC(=C)CC[C@H]3C(OC2=C1)(C)C)O
- Formula
- C21H30O2
- Molar mass
- 314.50 g·mol⁻¹
- PubChem CID
- 167577
LLM ingestion format: a structured superset of the entry (identifiers, binding, versioned legal status). Full corpus.