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Research tools

GAT211

Positive allosteric modulator of the CB1 receptor (ago-PAM), a laboratory tool.

Unscheduled
Level of detail

Harm-reduction warning

No characterised human dose: animal / in vitro data only. Effect profile, safety margin and acute toxicity are not documented in human clinical practice. Extremely potent compound: severe effects, seizures and deaths reported in the literature.

C₂₂H₁₈N₂O₂

CAS 102704-40-5

Family
ECS pharmacological toolAllosteric modulator
Molar mass
342.40 g/mol

Updated on

In plain terms

GAT211 is a laboratory molecule, made by chemical synthesis: it exists neither in hemp nor in any plant. It does not bind the CB1 receptor at the same place as THC, but at another site on the receptor, where it amplifies the signal of agonists; it can also weakly activate the receptor by itself. The data cited come from studies on cells and in mice.

Receptors and activity

Target network

CB1Positive allosteric modulatorEC50 = 230 nM · humanCHO cells expressing human CB1, cAMP inhibition potentiated by CP55,940 at EC20 (DiscoveRx HitHunter), Emax 110%
  • Activates

The lower the cited value, the closer the target sits to GAT211: one ring per factor of 100. A target with no measured value stays on the edge.

Where these targets live

Where each target has been found in humans, according to the cited studies. The map shows the target, not an effect of GAT211.

Brain, side view
Body, front view
Blood

CB1CB1 found in 7 regions of the body

  1. Basal gangliadenseMost dense in basal ganglia outflow nuclei1
  2. CerebellumdenseVery dense in the cerebellum1
  3. HippocampusdenseVery high concentrations in the hippocampus2
  4. AmygdaladenseHigh concentrations in the amygdala2
  5. CortexpresentPresent throughout the neocortex2
  6. Adipose tissuepresentExpressed in adipose tissue3
  7. GutpresentColonic epithelium, smooth muscle and plexus4

Map sources

  1. Herkenham M et al. Cannabinoid receptor localization in brain. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 1990 (new tab)
  2. Glass M et al. Cannabinoid receptors in the human brain: a detailed anatomical and quantitative autoradiographic study in the fetal, neonatal and adult human brain. Neuroscience, 1997 (new tab)
  3. Engeli S et al. Activation of the peripheral endocannabinoid system in human obesity. Diabetes, 2005 (new tab)
  4. Wright K et al. Differential expression of cannabinoid receptors in the human colon: cannabinoids promote epithelial wound healing. Gastroenterology, 2005 (new tab)

Cited values

  1. CB1Positive allosteric modulatorEC50 = 230 nM · human44 out of 100

    Garai et al., J Med Chem 2020 (new tab) · CHO cells expressing human CB1, cAMP inhibition potentiated by CP55,940 at EC20 (DiscoveRx HitHunter), Emax 110%

  2. CB1 (recrutement de la β-arrestine 2)Positive allosteric modulatorEC50 = 940 nM · human34 out of 100

    Garai et al., J Med Chem 2020 (new tab) · β-arrestin 2 recruitment (DiscoveRx PathHunter), human CB1, Emax 46%

  3. CB1 (allosteric agonism)Agonistno measured value cited
Bar length follows the measured value (Ki, Kd, EC50 or IC50), on one scale shared by every entry, from 100 µM to 0.1 nM. A target with no cited value has no bar.

Pharmacology

GAT211 is an ago-PAM allosteric modulator of CB1: the racemate combines amplification of the response to orthosteric agonists with an agonist activity of its own. In 2017, Laprairie et al. resolved its enantiomers: the allosteric agonist activity resides in the (R)-(+) enantiomer (GAT228), the PAM activity in the (S)-(−) enantiomer (GAT229), which lacks intrinsic activity. In vitro, GAT211 increases [3H]CP55,940 binding (EC50 of 619.6 nM at human CB1) and reduces [3H]SR141716A binding; its PAM EC50 values are 230 nM for cAMP inhibition and 940 nM for β-arrestin 2 recruitment (Garai et al. 2020). In mice, GAT211 suppressed the allodynia induced by complete Freund's adjuvant and by paclitaxel in wild-type animals but not in mice lacking CB1, without the cardinal signs of direct CB1 activation, with efficacy preserved over 19 days of treatment, no withdrawal precipitated by rimonabant and no conditioned place preference or aversion (Slivicki et al. 2018); in a paclitaxel neuropathy model, a sub-threshold dose also prevented the development of tolerance to the antiallodynic effect of morphine (Slivicki et al. 2020). Garai et al. describe GAT211 as having moderate PAM potency, low aqueous solubility and rapid metabolic clearance. All these data are preclinical.

Key sources.

History

Source
A synthetic molecule of the 2-phenylindole class, absent from hemp and from any living organism. A research reagent for in vitro work and animal experimentation.

Origin

Research tool

No biosynthetic pathway: a synthetic molecule of the 2-phenylindole class, obtained as a racemate.

Classification

Family, origin and source verification

Family

ECS pharmacological tool › Allosteric modulator

Verification

Classification, sources and binding values checked on 20 October 2026; text read against its sources and Wikipedia.

Wikipedia (English)

No dedicated article.

References

  1. Laprairie RB et al., Enantiospecific Allosteric Modulation of Cannabinoid 1 Receptor, ACS Chem Neurosci 2017;8(6):1188-1203 (new tab)PMID 28103441
  2. Garai S et al., Application of Fluorine- and Nitrogen-Walk Approaches: Defining the Structural and Functional Diversity of 2-Phenylindole Class of CB1 Positive Allosteric Modulators, J Med Chem 2020 (new tab)PMID 31756109
  3. Slivicki RA et al., Positive Allosteric Modulation of Cannabinoid Receptor Type 1 Suppresses Pathological Pain Without Producing Tolerance or Dependence, Biol Psychiatry 2018 (new tab)PMID 28823711
  4. Slivicki RA et al., Positive Allosteric Modulation of CB1 Cannabinoid Receptor Signaling Enhances Morphine Antinociception and Attenuates Morphine Tolerance Without Enhancing Morphine-Induced Dependence or Reward, Front Mol Neurosci 2020 (new tab)PMID 32410959
  5. Green HM et al., Determination of the Cannabinoid CB1 Receptor's Positive Allosteric Modulator Binding Site through Mutagenesis Studies, Pharmaceuticals 2024;17(2):154 (new tab)PMID 38399369
  6. ANSM, Consolidated list of substances classified as narcotics, updated 16 February 2026, annex IV (new tab)
  7. PubChem, Compound Summary CID 4402318 (GAT211) (new tab)

Identifiers

Names

IUPAC name
3-(2-nitro-1-phenylethyl)-2-phenyl-1H-indole
Other names
GAT-211 · (±)-GAT211 · 3-(2-nitro-1-phenylethyl)-2-phenylindole

Identifiers

Formula
C₂₂H₁₈N₂O₂
CAS
102704-40-5
PubChem CID
4402318(new tab)
InChIKey
OHZDCJJHWPHZJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N
SMILES
C1=CC=C(C=C1)C2=C(C3=CC=CC=C3N2)C(C[N+](=O)[O-])C4=CC=CC=C4

Machine-readable entry (JSON)

LLM ingestion format: a structured superset of the entry (identifiers, binding, versioned legal status). Full corpus.