ECS modulator (research)
UnscheduledLevonantradol
[(6S,6aR,9R,10aR)-9-hydroxy-6-methyl-3-[(2R)-5-phenylpentan-2-yl]oxy-5,6,6a,7,8,9,10,10a-octahydrophenanthridin-1-yl] acetate
Aliases.Levonantradol · Lévonantradol · Nantradol · CP 50,556-1 · CP-50556-1
Synthetic THC analogue, a full CB1 agonist, abandoned after the clinical trials of the 1980s.
Updated on
Level of detail
Harm-reduction warning
No characterised human dose: animal / in vitro data only. Effect profile, safety margin and acute toxicity are not documented in human clinical practice. Extremely potent compound: severe effects, seizures and deaths reported in the literature.
Identifiers
- Formula
- C₂₇H₃₅NO₄
- Molar mass
- 437.60 g·mol⁻¹
- CAS
- 71048-87-8
- PubChem CID
- 5361881
- First described
- Mis au point chez Pfizer sous le code CP 50,556-1 et décrit par Michael R. Johnson et George M. Milne en 1980, au terme d'un programme de recherche d'analgésiques non opiacés. Les premières publications cliniques et pharmacocinétiques paraissent en 1981. Une synthèse asymétrique accompagnée d'une analyse structurale complète a été publiée en 2013.
- Origin
- An entirely synthetic molecule, absent from cannabis as from the human body. It comes from the non-opioid analgesic research programme conducted at Pfizer between 1975 and 1980, which also yielded the cyclohexylphenols CP 47,497 and CP 55,940. Levonantradol is the laevorotatory, active enantiomer of the racemate nantradol.
- InChIKey
- FFVXQGMUHIJQAO-BFKQJKLPSA-N
In plain terms
Levonantradol is a laboratory molecule developed by Pfizer in the late 1970s. It does not exist in hemp: it mimics THC, far more powerfully. Tested in hospital against chemotherapy-induced nausea and against pain, it was never marketed, its adverse effects having been judged too burdensome.
Receptors and activity
- CB1Agonist
- CB2Agonist
- Agonist
- Partial agonist
- Antagonist
- Modulator
- Inverse agonist
Hover over a row for the precise value (Ki, EC50…)
Subjective signature
Hover over an axis to read its definition.
- Calm20
- Clarity8
- Sleep40
- Appetite30
- High12
Editorial estimate, not clinical.
Pharmacology
Levonantradol is a full agonist at the CB1 and CB2 cannabinoid receptors, estimated to be about thirty times more potent than THC in animal models. Where THC is only a partial CB1 agonist, levonantradol activates the receptor fully: it inhibits adenylyl cyclase, reduces calcium conductance and increases potassium conductance in neurons, without the ceiling effect that characterises the plant cannabinoid. It was precisely the work carried out on levonantradol and on its deacetylated metabolite that allowed Allyn Howlett and colleagues to formulate a model of the cannabinoid receptor in 1988, before the molecular identification of CB1. Clinically, the trials of the 1980s showed a real but modest antiemetic and analgesic effect: superior to placebo, without surpassing codeine on pain, and often cancelled out at effective doses by sedation, dizziness and dysphoria. Development was halted; there are no modern human data, no assessment of prolonged exposure and no authorised medical use.
Key sources.
- PubChem, Levonantradol (CID 5361881), fiche composé, classification pharmacologique MeSH et identifiants croisés ChEMBL / DrugBank
- Jain AK et al., Evaluation of intramuscular levonantradol and placebo in acute postoperative pain, J Clin Pharmacol, 1981PMID 7028791
- Shepard RM et al., Pharmacokinetics of levonantradol in laboratory animals, J Clin Pharmacol, 1981PMID 7298868
- Heim ME et al., Clinical Experience with Levonantradol Hydrochloride in the Prevention of Cancer Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea and Vomiting, J Clin Pharmacol, 1981
- Levonantradol, a new antiemetic with a high rate of side-effects (notice PubMed)PMID 7139853
- Howlett AC, Johnson MR, Melvin LS, Milne GM, Nonclassical cannabinoid analgetics inhibit adenylate cyclase: development of a cannabinoid receptor model, Mol Pharmacol, 1988
- Little PJ, Compton DR, Johnson MR, Melvin LS, Martin BR, Pharmacology and stereoselectivity of structurally novel cannabinoids in mice, J Pharmacol Exp Ther, 1988
- Sheshenev AE, Boltukhina EV, Hii KK, Levonantradol: asymmetric synthesis and structural analysis, Chem Commun, 2013
- Tramèr MR et al., Cannabinoids for control of chemotherapy induced nausea and vomiting: quantitative systematic review, BMJ, 2001
- Campbell FA et al., Are cannabinoids an effective and safe treatment option in the management of pain? A qualitative systematic review, BMJ, 2001
- Légifrance, arrêté du 22 février 1990 fixant la liste des substances classées comme stupéfiants, annexe IV, version consolidée
Origin (research tool)
No biological pathway: levonantradol is produced neither by cannabis nor by the human body. It is an entirely synthetic molecule, built in the laboratory around a phenanthridine core from an aniline-type precursor, then functionalised into a phenolic acetate. The name levonantradol designates the active enantiomer of the racemate nantradol, accessible by an asymmetric route since work published in 2013.
Legal framework
France
Levonantradol is not listed by name in any annex to the decree of 22 February 1990. The generic clause of annex IV covers "tetrahydrocannabinols, their esters, ethers, salts as well as the salts of the aforementioned derivatives": it does not catch levonantradol, because it is not a tetrahydrocannabinol, a nitrogen atom replacing the oxygen of the pyran ring. The families of synthetic cannabinoids listed in the same annex, indole and indazole carboxamides, cyclohexylphenols and others, do not cover the nantradol skeleton either; nabilone is named there, but that is a different molecule. Levonantradol therefore remains unclassified in France to date, without thereby being lawful to sell: it holds no marketing authorisation, enters no authorised preparation and has legal existence only as a research reagent. The ANSM revises this list regularly.
European Union
No control measure specific to the European Union covers levonantradol, and the molecule appears in no schedule of the United Nations conventions of 1961 and 1971. The regime therefore depends on each Member State: several apply broad generic clauses on cannabinoid receptor agonists, which may capture it where French law does not. The molecule has never obtained a marketing authorisation in Europe and falls under no authorised medical or food use.
Sources: EUR-Lex, UNODC, CND, ANSM, IUPHAR/BPS, ChEBI, EUDA. Our method.
Structural classification
- Class
- ECS modulator (research)
- Origin
- An entirely synthetic molecule, absent from cannabis as from the human body. It comes from the non-opioid analgesic research programme conducted at Pfizer between 1975 and 1980, which also yielded the cyclohexylphenols CP 47,497 and CP 55,940. Levonantradol is the laevorotatory, active enantiomer of the racemate nantradol.
- Status
- Unscheduled
Cannabinoïde non classique de la série des nantradols : squelette octahydro-phénanthridine, c'est-à-dire un analogue azoté du 9-nor-9β-hydroxy-hexahydrocannabinol dans lequel un atome d'azote remplace l'oxygène du cycle pyrane. La molécule porte un acétate sur le phénol et une chaîne latérale 5-phénylpentan-2-yloxy à la place de la chaîne pentyle des cannabinoïdes végétaux. Cinq centres stéréogènes définis.
Pharmacokinetics
Administré par voie intramusculaire dans les essais, plus rarement par voie orale. La biodisponibilité orale est variable et faible, en raison d'un important effet de premier passage. La molécule est très lipophile et franchit aisément la barrière hématoencéphalique. Chez l'animal, le métabolite actif désacétylé atteint son pic plasmatique en une à deux heures, avec une demi-vie d'élimination également de l'ordre d'une à deux heures. Sa puissance impose des quantités très faibles au regard des cannabinoïdes végétaux. Aucune étude pharmacocinétique humaine moderne n'est disponible.
Metabolism
Le groupement acétate porté par le phénol est hydrolysé en désacétyllévonantradol (DALN, CP 54,939), lui-même agoniste cannabinoïde actif : le lévonantradol se comporte donc en partie comme une prodrogue de ce métabolite. Les travaux pharmacocinétiques de 1981 mesuraient d'ailleurs séparément les deux composés chez l'animal. L'effet de premier passage est marqué. Les voies enzymatiques précises, et notamment la contribution des cytochromes P450, n'ont pas été cartographiées chez l'humain.
Toxicology and risks
Le profil de tolérance a mis fin au développement. Chez l'humain, les essais rapportent sécheresse buccale, somnolence, vertiges, sédation, troubles de la concentration et de la perception, accélération du rythme cardiaque et baisse de la pression artérielle ; l'euphorie était rare, la dysphorie fréquente. Dans une série de quatre-vingt-sept patients, les doses les plus élevées annulaient le bénéfice antiémétique par des effets indésirables jugés intolérables, alors que les doses réduites restaient mieux supportées. Chez l'animal, on observe ptosis, ataxie, incoordination motrice et altération de la mémoire. Aucune donnée n'existe sur l'exposition répétée ou prolongée chez l'humain. En tant qu'agoniste entier de CB1, sans plafond d'effet, la molécule relève du profil de risque des agonistes cannabinoïdes de synthèse plutôt que de celui du THC.
Detection and analysis
Aucune méthode de dépistage de routine ne vise le lévonantradol. Les tests urinaires du cannabis ciblent le THC-COOH et ne sont pas conçus pour cette structure azotée. Une identification suppose une méthode ciblée par chromatographie couplée à la spectrométrie de masse, avec un étalon de référence, et la recherche conjointe du métabolite désacétylé. La molécule ne figure pas sur les panels courants de nouvelles substances psychoactives, faute de circulation documentée sur le marché récréatif.
References
- 1.PubChem, Levonantradol (CID 5361881), fiche composé, classification pharmacologique MeSH et identifiants croisés ChEMBL / DrugBank
- 2.Jain AK et al., Evaluation of intramuscular levonantradol and placebo in acute postoperative pain, J Clin Pharmacol, 1981PMID 7028791
- 3.Shepard RM et al., Pharmacokinetics of levonantradol in laboratory animals, J Clin Pharmacol, 1981PMID 7298868
- 4.Heim ME et al., Clinical Experience with Levonantradol Hydrochloride in the Prevention of Cancer Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea and Vomiting, J Clin Pharmacol, 1981
- 5.Levonantradol, a new antiemetic with a high rate of side-effects (notice PubMed)PMID 7139853
- 6.Howlett AC, Johnson MR, Melvin LS, Milne GM, Nonclassical cannabinoid analgetics inhibit adenylate cyclase: development of a cannabinoid receptor model, Mol Pharmacol, 1988
- 7.Little PJ, Compton DR, Johnson MR, Melvin LS, Martin BR, Pharmacology and stereoselectivity of structurally novel cannabinoids in mice, J Pharmacol Exp Ther, 1988
- 8.Sheshenev AE, Boltukhina EV, Hii KK, Levonantradol: asymmetric synthesis and structural analysis, Chem Commun, 2013
- 9.Tramèr MR et al., Cannabinoids for control of chemotherapy induced nausea and vomiting: quantitative systematic review, BMJ, 2001
- 10.Campbell FA et al., Are cannabinoids an effective and safe treatment option in the management of pain? A qualitative systematic review, BMJ, 2001
- 11.Légifrance, arrêté du 22 février 1990 fixant la liste des substances classées comme stupéfiants, annexe IV, version consolidée
Structured data
- InChIKey
- FFVXQGMUHIJQAO-BFKQJKLPSA-N
- SMILES
- C[C@H]1[C@@H]2CC[C@H](C[C@H]2C3=C(N1)C=C(C=C3OC(=O)C)O[C@H](C)CCCC4=CC=CC=C4)O
- Formula
- C27H35NO4
- Molar mass
- 437.60 g·mol⁻¹
- CAS
- 71048-87-8
- PubChem CID
- 5361881
LLM ingestion format: a structured superset of the entry (identifiers, binding, versioned legal status). Full corpus.