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Synthetic

MMB-FUBINACAAlso known as AMB-FUBINACA, FUB-AMB

Identified in the Brooklyn mass intoxication of July 2016 (33 people); in Schedule II of the 1971 Convention since 2019.

Narcotic: named in schedule
Level of detail

Harm-reduction warning

No characterised human dose: animal / in vitro data only. Effect profile, safety margin and acute toxicity are not documented in human clinical practice. Extremely potent compound: severe effects, seizures and deaths reported in the literature.

C₂₁H₂₂FN₃O₃

CAS 1971007-92-7

Family
Synthetic CB receptor agonistNew psychoactive substance
Molar mass
383.42 g/mol

Updated on

In plain terms

MMB-FUBINACA (also called AMB-FUBINACA) is a synthetic cannabinoid of the indazole-3-carboxamide family. It was identified in the product « AK-47 24 Karat Gold » during a mass intoxication of 33 people in New York on 12 July 2016, described by the press as a « zombie » outbreak. It is a narcotic in France.

Receptors and activity

Target network

CB1AgonistKi = 10 nM · humanradioligand displacement, human CB1
  • Activates

The lower the cited value, the closer the target sits to MMB-FUBINACA: one ring per factor of 100. A target with no measured value stays on the edge.

Where these targets live

Where each target has been found in humans, according to the cited studies. The map shows the target, not an effect of MMB-FUBINACA.

Brain, side view
Body, front view
Blood

CB1CB1 found in 7 regions of the body

  1. Basal gangliadenseMost dense in basal ganglia outflow nuclei1
  2. CerebellumdenseVery dense in the cerebellum1
  3. HippocampusdenseVery high concentrations in the hippocampus2
  4. AmygdaladenseHigh concentrations in the amygdala2
  5. CortexpresentPresent throughout the neocortex2
  6. Adipose tissuepresentExpressed in adipose tissue3
  7. GutpresentColonic epithelium, smooth muscle and plexus4

Map sources

  1. Herkenham M et al. Cannabinoid receptor localization in brain. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 1990 (new tab)
  2. Glass M et al. Cannabinoid receptors in the human brain: a detailed anatomical and quantitative autoradiographic study in the fetal, neonatal and adult human brain. Neuroscience, 1997 (new tab)
  3. Engeli S et al. Activation of the peripheral endocannabinoid system in human obesity. Diabetes, 2005 (new tab)
  4. Wright K et al. Differential expression of cannabinoid receptors in the human colon: cannabinoids promote epithelial wound healing. Gastroenterology, 2005 (new tab)

Cited values

  1. CB1AgonistKi = 10 nM · human67 out of 100

    Gamage et al. 2018, J Pharmacol Exp Ther (new tab) · radioligand displacement, human CB1

  2. CB2AgonistKi = 0.8 nM · human85 out of 100

    Gamage et al. 2018, J Pharmacol Exp Ther (new tab) · radioligand displacement, human CB2

Bar length follows the measured value (Ki, Kd, EC50 or IC50), on one scale shared by every entry, from 100 µM to 0.1 nM. A target with no cited value has no bar.

Pharmacology

MMB-FUBINACA (AMB-FUBINACA, FUB-AMB) is an indazole-3-carboxamide: an indazole substituted on the nitrogen by a 4-fluorobenzyl group and, at position 3, by a carboxamide linked to the methyl ester of L-valine. Banister et al. (2016) synthesised and tested it: a potent, highly efficacious agonist at CB1 and CB2 receptors (EC50 of 0.45 to 36 nM at CB1 across all compounds in the study). Gamage et al. (2018) measured Ki values of 10.04 nM at human CB1 and 0.786 nM at human CB2, and a greater maximal effect than THC in [35S]GTPγS. On 12 July 2016, a mass intoxication affected 33 people in one New York neighbourhood, described by the press as a « zombie » outbreak because of the appearance of the intoxicated people; 18 were taken to hospital. Adams et al. (2017) found MMB-FUBINACA at 16.0 ± 3.9 mg per gram in the product « AK-47 24 Karat Gold » and its acid metabolite in the serum or whole blood of the eight patients analysed (77 to 636 ng/mL). It has been in Schedule II of the 1971 Convention since CND decision 62/6 (19 March 2019) and is in Annex III of the French list of narcotics.

Key sources.

History

Source
Designer-drug market (academic origin not established by the sources consulted)

Origin

Laboratory synthesis

Indazole-3-carboxamide: an indazole substituted on the nitrogen by a 4-fluorobenzyl group and, at position 3, by a carboxamide linked to the methyl ester of L-valine

Classification

Family, origin and source verification

Family

Synthetic CB receptor agonist › New psychoactive substance

Class

indazole-3-carboxamide

Verification

Classification, sources and binding values checked on 20 October 2026; text read against its sources and Wikipedia.

Wikipedia (English)

5F-ADB (new tab)

Article paired by the molecule's structure (InChIKey), revision read on 19 October 2026. Read as a second opinion, never cited as a source.

References

  1. Adams · N Engl J Med 2017 (new tab)PMID 27973993
  2. Banister · ACS Chem Neurosci 2016 (new tab)PMID 27421060
  3. Gamage · J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2018 (new tab)PMID 29549157

Identifiers

Names

Common name
MMB-FUBINACA (AMB-FUBINACA, FUB-AMB)
IUPAC name
methyl (2S)-2-[[1-[(4-fluorophenyl)methyl]indazole-3-carbonyl]amino]-3-methylbutanoate
Other names
AMB-FUBINACA · FUB-AMB

Identifiers

Formula
C₂₁H₂₂FN₃O₃
CAS
1971007-92-7
PubChem CID
119026173(new tab)
InChIKey
FRFFLYJQPCIIQB-SFHVURJKSA-N
SMILES
CC(C)[C@@H](C(=O)OC)NC(=O)C1=NN(C2=CC=CC=C21)CC3=CC=C(C=C3)F

Machine-readable entry (JSON)

LLM ingestion format: a structured superset of the entry (identifiers, binding, versioned legal status). Full corpus.