Endocannabinoid
EndogenousNAGlyN-arachidonoyl glycine
2-[[(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoyl]amino]acetic acid
Aliases.NAGly · N-arachidonylglycine
An endogenous lipoamino acid, analgesic in animals via the Cav3.2 channels, with no CB1 or CB2 affinity.
Updated on
Level of detail
Identifiers
- Formula
- C₂₂H₃₅NO₃
- Molar mass
- 361.50 g·mol⁻¹
- CAS
- 179113-91-8
- PubChem CID
- 5283389
- First described
- Caractérisée en 2001 par S. M. Huang et ses collègues, dans le Journal of Biological Chemistry, au sein de l'équipe de J. Michael Walker. Ces auteurs ont décrit une nouvelle classe de médiateurs des mammifères, les acides aminés arachidonoylés, et isolé la N-arachidonoyl-glycine du cerveau de bovin et de rat, en montrant qu'elle réduit la douleur inflammatoire tonique. La structure avait déjà été préparée par voie chimique dans les années 1990 comme analogue de l'anandamide, avant que sa présence endogène ne soit établie.
- Origin
- An endogenous mammalian molecule, absent from cannabis. It has been measured in the brain, the spinal cord, the skin, the intestine and the kidney, as well as in the circulation. Hemp does not produce it: N-arachidonoyl glycine belongs to the body's endocannabinoid system and not to the plant phytocomplex. It is produced in the laboratory as a research reagent, never as a consumer ingredient.
- InChIKey
- YLEARPUNMCCKMP-DOFZRALJSA-N
In plain terms
N-arachidonoyl glycine is a small fatty molecule that the human body makes itself, by joining a fatty acid to an amino acid called glycine. It does not come from hemp and is not an ingredient of any product sold in shops. Work carried out in animals credits it with a role in pain and inflammation, but human data are lacking.
Receptors and activity
- Cav3.2 (canal calcique de type T)Antagonist
- GPR18Agonist
- GLYT2 (transporteur de la glycine)Modulator
- GPR55Agonist
- FAAH (amide hydrolase des acides gras)Modulator
- Agonist
- Partial agonist
- Antagonist
- Modulator
- Inverse agonist
Hover over a row for the precise value (Ki, EC50…)
Subjective signature
Hover over an axis to read its definition.
- Calm10
- Clarity5
- Sleep5
- Appetite5
- High5
Editorial estimate, not clinical.
Pharmacology
The leading member of the lipoamino acids, N-arachidonoyl glycine differs from anandamide by only one oxygen atom, the alcohol function giving way to a carboxylic acid function. That difference is enough to make it lose affinity for CB1 and CB2: N-acyl amino acids bind neither to the cannabinoid receptors nor to the opioid receptors, something the reviews in the field present as an advantage in selectivity. Its pharmacology therefore rests on other targets. Inhibition of the Cav3.2 T-type calcium channels accounts for the analgesic effect observed in mice, an effect that disappears in animals lacking that channel. To this are added the non-competitive inhibition of the GLYT2 transporter and that of FAAH, which raises the concentrations of anandamide and other N-acylethanolamides. The receptor side remains more uncertain: agonism at GPR18, long held to be its principal target and supported by work on cell migration, vasorelaxation and macrophage apoptosis, was contradicted in 2013 by a study finding no canonical signalling; an action at GPR55 was described in 2017. The molecule also behaves as an uncoupler of mitochondrial respiration, the same enzyme PM20D1 ensuring both its formation and its hydrolysis. None of this has been evaluated in humans: there is no clinical trial, no tolerability data and no established therapeutic use.
Key sources.
- Huang SM et al., Identification of a new class of molecules, the arachidonyl amino acids, and characterization of one member that inhibits pain, J Biol Chem 2001;276(46):42639-44PMID 11518719
- Burstein SH, N-Acyl Amino Acids (Elmiric Acids): Endogenous Signaling Molecules with Therapeutic Potential, Mol Pharmacol 2018;93(3):228-238PMID 29138268
- Lu VB, Puhl HL, Ikeda SR, N-Arachidonyl glycine does not activate G protein-coupled receptor 18 signaling via canonical pathways, Mol Pharmacol 2013;83(1):267-82PMID 23104136
- Barbara G et al., T-type calcium channel inhibition underlies the analgesic effects of the endogenous lipoamino acids, J Neurosci 2009PMID 19846698
- Console-Bram L et al., N-arachidonoyl glycine, another endogenous agonist of GPR55, Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017PMID 28698140
- Long JZ et al., The Secreted Enzyme PM20D1 Regulates Lipidated Amino Acid Uncouplers of Mitochondria, Cell 2016PMID 27374330
- Bradshaw HB, Rimmerman N, Hu SS, Burstein S, Walker JM, Novel endogenous N-acyl glycines identification and characterization, Vitam Horm 2009;81:191-205PMID 19647113
- Edington AR et al., Extracellular loops 2 and 4 of GLYT2 are required for N-arachidonylglycine inhibition of glycine transport, J Biol Chem 2009PMID 19875446
- McHugh D et al., N-arachidonoyl glycine, an abundant endogenous lipid, potently drives directed cellular migration through GPR18, BMC Neurosci 2010PMID 20346144
- PubChem, N-arachidonoylglycine, CID 5283389
Biosynthetic pathway (in vivo)
Two pathways are proposed. The first conjugates arachidonic acid, or its coenzyme A thioester, with glycine; the secreted enzyme PM20D1 catalyses this condensation and also catalyses the reverse reaction. The second proceeds by oxidation of anandamide, whose alcohol function becomes a carboxylic acid function, which explains why the two molecules differ by only one oxygen atom. Degradation is due chiefly to fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH), which cleaves the amide bond and releases arachidonic acid and glycine.
Legal framework
France
An endogenous mammalian substance, naturally present in the human body. It is named in no French scheduling decree. The decree of 22 February 1990, annex IV, covers tetrahydrocannabinols, their esters, ethers, salts as well as the salts of the aforementioned derivatives: N-arachidonoyl glycine is not a tetrahydrocannabinol and therefore falls neither within a listing by name nor within that generic clause. Its status is that of an unscheduled molecule, used in practice as a research reagent. No consumer product claims a content of it.
European Union
No scheduling under the international conventions: the molecule appears neither in the schedules of the 1961 Convention on narcotic drugs nor in those of the 1971 Convention on psychotropic substances, and it has not been the subject of a notification to the European early warning system on new psychoactive substances. It circulates in the European Union as a laboratory chemical. No marketing authorisation, no authorised health claim and no novel food status concerns it.
Sources: EUR-Lex, UNODC, CND, ANSM, IUPHAR/BPS, ChEBI, EUDA. Our method.
Structural classification
- Class
- Endocannabinoid
- Origin
- An endogenous mammalian molecule, absent from cannabis. It has been measured in the brain, the spinal cord, the skin, the intestine and the kidney, as well as in the circulation. Hemp does not produce it: N-arachidonoyl glycine belongs to the body's endocannabinoid system and not to the plant phytocomplex. It is produced in the laboratory as a research reagent, never as a consumer ingredient.
- Status
- Endogenous
Lipoaminoacide, ou N-acyl-aminoacide : amide formé entre l'acide arachidonique et la glycine, chef de file de la famille des N-acyl-glycines. Analogue carboxylique de l'anandamide, dont il se distingue par le remplacement de la fonction alcool éthanolamide par une fonction acide.
Pharmacokinetics
Aucune donnée pharmacocinétique humaine n'est disponible. Les travaux publiés reposent sur des administrations locales ou systémiques chez le rongeur et sur des modèles cellulaires. Lipide très lipophile porteur d'une fonction acide, la molécule est attendue fortement liée aux protéines plasmatiques, et sa persistance tissulaire est gouvernée par l'hydrolyse enzymatique plutôt que par une élimination rénale. Ni biodisponibilité orale, ni demi-vie plasmatique, ni volume de distribution ne sont documentés.
Metabolism
L'amide hydrolase des acides gras (FAAH) hydrolyse la liaison amide et restitue acide arachidonique et glycine ; c'est la voie de dégradation principale, mise en évidence dès le travail fondateur de 2001 sur tissu cérébral de rat. L'enzyme sécrétée PM20D1 catalyse la réaction dans les deux sens, formation et hydrolyse, et régule ainsi les concentrations circulantes de N-acyl-aminoacides. Une revue du domaine propose que l'acide arachidonique ainsi libéré alimente la production d'éicosanoïdes résolutifs de l'inflammation, hypothèse mécanistique qui n'est pas démontrée chez l'humain.
Toxicology and risks
Aucune étude de toxicité réglementaire n'existe et aucun cas d'intoxication humaine n'a été rapporté : la molécule n'est pas commercialisée pour la consommation. Les modèles animaux publiés n'ont pas signalé de toxicité aiguë aux doses employées, mais ces travaux avaient un objectif pharmacologique et non toxicologique, et ne permettent aucune conclusion de sécurité. Les cibles décrites, canaux calciques de type T, transporteur GLYT2 et respiration mitochondriale, appartiennent à des systèmes physiologiques largement distribués, ce qui justifie la prudence en l'absence de donnée clinique.
Detection and analysis
Le dosage se fait par chromatographie liquide couplée à la spectrométrie de masse en tandem, avec étalon interne deutéré, sur extraits lipidiques de tissu, de plasma ou de milieu cellulaire ; c'est la méthode des laboratoires de lipidomique qui ont établi sa présence endogène et mesuré sa régulation par la FAAH. Aucune recherche de routine ne la vise en toxicologie médicolégale ni en contrôle antidopage, la molécule n'étant ni classée ni consommée.
References
- 1.Huang SM et al., Identification of a new class of molecules, the arachidonyl amino acids, and characterization of one member that inhibits pain, J Biol Chem 2001;276(46):42639-44PMID 11518719
- 2.Burstein SH, N-Acyl Amino Acids (Elmiric Acids): Endogenous Signaling Molecules with Therapeutic Potential, Mol Pharmacol 2018;93(3):228-238PMID 29138268
- 3.Lu VB, Puhl HL, Ikeda SR, N-Arachidonyl glycine does not activate G protein-coupled receptor 18 signaling via canonical pathways, Mol Pharmacol 2013;83(1):267-82PMID 23104136
- 4.Barbara G et al., T-type calcium channel inhibition underlies the analgesic effects of the endogenous lipoamino acids, J Neurosci 2009PMID 19846698
- 5.Console-Bram L et al., N-arachidonoyl glycine, another endogenous agonist of GPR55, Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017PMID 28698140
- 6.Long JZ et al., The Secreted Enzyme PM20D1 Regulates Lipidated Amino Acid Uncouplers of Mitochondria, Cell 2016PMID 27374330
- 7.Bradshaw HB, Rimmerman N, Hu SS, Burstein S, Walker JM, Novel endogenous N-acyl glycines identification and characterization, Vitam Horm 2009;81:191-205PMID 19647113
- 8.Edington AR et al., Extracellular loops 2 and 4 of GLYT2 are required for N-arachidonylglycine inhibition of glycine transport, J Biol Chem 2009PMID 19875446
- 9.McHugh D et al., N-arachidonoyl glycine, an abundant endogenous lipid, potently drives directed cellular migration through GPR18, BMC Neurosci 2010PMID 20346144
- 10.PubChem, N-arachidonoylglycine, CID 5283389
Structured data
- InChIKey
- YLEARPUNMCCKMP-DOFZRALJSA-N
- SMILES
- CCCCC/C=C\C/C=C\C/C=C\C/C=C\CCCC(=O)NCC(=O)O
- Formula
- C22H35NO3
- Molar mass
- 361.50 g·mol⁻¹
- CAS
- 179113-91-8
- PubChem CID
- 5283389
LLM ingestion format: a structured superset of the entry (identifiers, binding, versioned legal status). Full corpus.