Endocannabinoid
EndogenousO-AEAVirodhamine
2-aminoethyl (5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoate
Aliases.O-arachidonoylethanolamine · virodhamine · O-AEA · O-arachidonoyl éthanolamine
The ester isomer of anandamide, a partial CB1 agonist and full CB2 agonist, endogenous and unclassified.
Updated on
Level of detail
Identifiers
- Formula
- C₂₂H₃₇NO₂
- Molar mass
- 347.50 g·mol⁻¹
- CAS
- 443129-35-9
- PubChem CID
- 5712057
- First described
- Décrite en 2002 par Porter et ses collègues, dans les laboratoires Eli Lilly, au cours d'une analyse lipidomique de cerveau de rat et d'hippocampe humain par chromatographie liquide couplée à la spectrométrie de masse en tandem. Le nom vient du sanskrit virodha, qui signifie opposition, en référence à la liaison ester, inverse de la liaison amide de l'anandamide, et au comportement antagoniste observé sur le récepteur CB1.
- Origin
- An endogenous mammalian compound, absent from hemp. Virodhamine has been measured in rat brain and in the human hippocampus at levels comparable to those of anandamide, and at concentrations 2 to 9 times higher in peripheral tissues that express the CB2 receptor. In the left ventricle of the pig, the authors report about 0.440 pmol/g of fresh tissue for virodhamine against 0.046 pmol/g for anandamide.
- InChIKey
- DLHLOYYQQGSXCC-DOFZRALJSA-N
In plain terms
Virodhamine is a molecule that the human body makes itself, and not a hemp compound. It closely resembles anandamide, a natural messenger of the endocannabinoid system, with which it shares exactly the same atoms, simply assembled differently. Researchers have been studying it since 2002, but its precise role in the body remains unknown.
Receptors and activity
- CB1CE50 environ 1906 nM ; Ki 1740 nM sur néocortex humain, 912 nM avec inhibiteur de protéasesPartial agonist
- CB2CE50 environ 1401 nM, agoniste completAgonist
- GPR55Partial agonist
- Récepteur cannabinoïde endothélial présuméAgonist
- MAO-BIC50 0,71 µM ; Ki 0,258 µM ; inhibition irréversible et temps-dépendanteAntagonist
- MAO-AIC50 38,70 µMAntagonist
- CYP2J2inhibition compétitive du métabolisme de l'acide arachidoniqueAntagonist
- FAAHIC50 13,8 µM sur néocortex humainAntagonist
- Agonist
- Partial agonist
- Antagonist
- Modulator
- Inverse agonist
Hover over a row for the precise value (Ki, EC50…)
Subjective signature
Hover over an axis to read its definition.
- Calm8
- Clarity6
- Sleep8
- Appetite6
- High6
Editorial estimate, not clinical.
Pharmacology
A constitutional isomer of anandamide, virodhamine joins arachidonic acid and ethanolamine by an ester bond instead of an amide bond. This inversion changes its pharmacological behaviour: it acts as a partial agonist of low potency at the CB1 receptor, to the point of behaving as a functional antagonist when anandamide is present, whereas it is a full agonist at the CB2 receptor, with EC50 values in the micromolar range in both cases. It also modulates GPR55 as a partial agonist, and relaxes the human pulmonary artery via the presumed endothelial cannabinoid receptor rather than via CB1 or CB2. Outside the cannabinoid system, it strongly inhibits monoamine oxidase B, the cardiac epoxygenase CYP2J2, fatty acid amide hydrolase and the transport of anandamide. The tissue concentrations measured exceed those of anandamide in the periphery, notably in the myocardium, which has fed the hypothesis of an endogenous regulatory role. That hypothesis remains open: the biosynthetic pathway has not been identified, human data are lacking, and the physiological function of the molecule remains undetermined.
Key sources.
- Porter AC et al., Characterization of a novel endocannabinoid, virodhamine, with antagonist activity at the CB1 receptor, J Pharmacol Exp Ther, 2002PMID 12023533
- Steffens M et al., Binding affinity and agonist activity of putative endogenous cannabinoids at the human neocortical CB1 receptor, Biochem Pharmacol, 2005PMID 15588725
- Steffens M et al., Fatty acid amidohydrolase in human neocortex, inhibition by putative endocannabinoids, Neurosci Lett, 2005PMID 15923084
- Sharir H et al., The endocannabinoids anandamide and virodhamine modulate the activity of the candidate cannabinoid receptor GPR55, J Neuroimmune Pharmacol, 2012PMID 22454039
- Kozlowska H et al., Virodhamine relaxes the human pulmonary artery through the endothelial cannabinoid receptor and indirectly through a COX product, Br J Pharmacol, 2008PMID 18806815
- Carnevale LN et al., Endocannabinoid virodhamine is an endogenous inhibitor of human cardiovascular CYP2J2 epoxygenase, Biochemistry, 2018PMID 30285425
- Pandey P et al., Interactions of endocannabinoid virodhamine and related analogs with human monoamine oxidase-A and -B, Biochem Pharmacol, 2018PMID 29958841
- Brantl SA et al., Activation of platelets by the endocannabinoids 2-arachidonoylglycerol and virodhamine is mediated by their conversion to arachidonic acid and thromboxane A2, Platelets, 2014PMID 24102401
- Sharma DS et al., Virodhamine, an endocannabinoid, induces megakaryocyte differentiation by regulating MAPK activity and function of mitochondria, J Cell Physiol, 2021PMID 32696508
- PubChem CID 5712057, Virodhamine, National Library of Medicine
Biosynthetic pathway (in vivo)
The formation pathway has not been elucidated. Structurally, virodhamine is the ester of arachidonic acid and ethanolamine, a constitutional isomer of anandamide, which joins those same two fragments by an amide bond. Spontaneous isomerisation to anandamide by migration of the acyl group was proposed in the older literature, but the 2018 work on CYP2J2 did not observe this rearrangement under its study conditions. No dedicated synthetic enzyme has been identified to date.
Legal framework
France
Virodhamine is an endogenous compound of the human body and appears on no ANSM list. Neither is it covered by annex IV of the decree of 22 February 1990, whose generic clause covers tetrahydrocannabinols, their esters, their ethers and their salts: virodhamine derives from arachidonic acid and not from tetrahydrocannabinol, so that clause does not reach it. Its status in France is that of an unclassified substance, naturally present in the body, whose circulation is limited to laboratory reagents and analytical standards.
European Union
No Member State of the European Union classifies virodhamine, and it appears in none of the international United Nations conventions on narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances. It has never been the subject of a notification as a new psychoactive substance to the EUDA, the European Union Drugs Agency, nor of a review by the WHO Expert Committee on Drug Dependence. It falls under the ordinary regime for chemicals intended for research.
Sources: EUR-Lex, UNODC, CND, ANSM, IUPHAR/BPS, ChEBI, EUDA. Our method.
Structural classification
- Class
- Endocannabinoid
- Origin
- An endogenous mammalian compound, absent from hemp. Virodhamine has been measured in rat brain and in the human hippocampus at levels comparable to those of anandamide, and at concentrations 2 to 9 times higher in peripheral tissues that express the CB2 receptor. In the left ventricle of the pig, the authors report about 0.440 pmol/g of fresh tissue for virodhamine against 0.046 pmol/g for anandamide.
- Status
- Endogenous
Endocannabinoïde dérivé de l'acide arachidonique, ester O-acyle de l'éthanolamine, isomère de constitution de l'anandamide.
Pharmacokinetics
Aucune donnée de pharmacocinétique humaine n'existe : la virodhamine n'a jamais été administrée à l'être humain et n'est étudiée que comme médiateur endogène. Les travaux disponibles se limitent à des dosages tissulaires, à des organes isolés et à des modèles cellulaires. Chez la souris, l'administration systémique abaisse la température corporelle, ce qui atteste d'une activité cannabinoïde in vivo, et l'effet bascule vers un antagonisme lorsque l'anandamide est présente. La liaison ester rend la molécule sensible à l'hydrolyse, ce qui limite vraisemblablement sa durée de vie dans les milieux biologiques.
Metabolism
La virodhamine est hydrolysée en acide arachidonique et en éthanolamine. Dans l'artère pulmonaire humaine, l'inhibition de l'hydrolase des amides d'acides gras par l'URB597 atténue la réponse vasorelaxante, ce qui implique cette enzyme dans sa dégradation, et l'acide arachidonique libéré alimente ensuite la voie des cyclooxygénases pour former un prostanoïde vasorelaxant. Dans les plaquettes, la même séquence conduit au thromboxane A2. Vis-à-vis du CYP2J2 cardiaque, la virodhamine se comporte en inhibiteur compétitif plutôt qu'en substrat.
Toxicology and risks
Les données humaines manquent totalement : aucune étude de toxicité, aucune administration contrôlée, aucun cas clinique publié. Deux signaux issus de travaux in vitro méritent d'être mentionnés sans être extrapolés à l'être humain : la virodhamine active les plaquettes par sa conversion en acide arachidonique puis en thromboxane A2, indépendamment des récepteurs cannabinoïdes, et elle inhibe de façon irréversible la monoamine oxydase B à des concentrations micromolaires basses. La molécule n'est ni commercialisée ni consommée, et ne figure sur aucune liste de substances surveillées.
Detection and analysis
La virodhamine se dose par chromatographie liquide couplée à la spectrométrie de masse en tandem avec ionisation chimique à pression atmosphérique, méthode employée dès son identification pour la distinguer de l'anandamide, dont elle partage la formule brute et la masse : seuls le temps de rétention et la fragmentation les séparent. Il s'agit d'une technique de recherche en lipidomique. Aucune méthode forensique de routine ne la vise, puisqu'elle n'est ni un produit de consommation ni une substance contrôlée.
References
- 1.Porter AC et al., Characterization of a novel endocannabinoid, virodhamine, with antagonist activity at the CB1 receptor, J Pharmacol Exp Ther, 2002PMID 12023533
- 2.Steffens M et al., Binding affinity and agonist activity of putative endogenous cannabinoids at the human neocortical CB1 receptor, Biochem Pharmacol, 2005PMID 15588725
- 3.Steffens M et al., Fatty acid amidohydrolase in human neocortex, inhibition by putative endocannabinoids, Neurosci Lett, 2005PMID 15923084
- 4.Sharir H et al., The endocannabinoids anandamide and virodhamine modulate the activity of the candidate cannabinoid receptor GPR55, J Neuroimmune Pharmacol, 2012PMID 22454039
- 5.Kozlowska H et al., Virodhamine relaxes the human pulmonary artery through the endothelial cannabinoid receptor and indirectly through a COX product, Br J Pharmacol, 2008PMID 18806815
- 6.Carnevale LN et al., Endocannabinoid virodhamine is an endogenous inhibitor of human cardiovascular CYP2J2 epoxygenase, Biochemistry, 2018PMID 30285425
- 7.Pandey P et al., Interactions of endocannabinoid virodhamine and related analogs with human monoamine oxidase-A and -B, Biochem Pharmacol, 2018PMID 29958841
- 8.Brantl SA et al., Activation of platelets by the endocannabinoids 2-arachidonoylglycerol and virodhamine is mediated by their conversion to arachidonic acid and thromboxane A2, Platelets, 2014PMID 24102401
- 9.Sharma DS et al., Virodhamine, an endocannabinoid, induces megakaryocyte differentiation by regulating MAPK activity and function of mitochondria, J Cell Physiol, 2021PMID 32696508
- 10.PubChem CID 5712057, Virodhamine, National Library of Medicine
Structured data
- InChIKey
- DLHLOYYQQGSXCC-DOFZRALJSA-N
- SMILES
- CCCCC/C=C\C/C=C\C/C=C\C/C=C\CCCC(=O)OCCN
- Formula
- C22H37NO2
- Molar mass
- 347.50 g·mol⁻¹
- CAS
- 443129-35-9
- PubChem CID
- 5712057
LLM ingestion format: a structured superset of the entry (identifiers, binding, versioned legal status). Full corpus.