Endocannabinoid
EndogenousPGE2-EAProstamide E2
(Z)-N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-7-[(1R,2R,3S)-3-hydroxy-2-[(E,3S)-3-hydroxyoct-1-enyl]-5-oxocyclopentyl]hept-5-enamide
Aliases.prostamide E2 · PGE2-EA · PGE2 éthanolamide · prostaglandine E2 éthanolamide · prostaglandin E2 ethanolamide · PGE2 1-ethanolamide
A metabolite of anandamide via COX-2, with no established cannabinoid activity.
Updated on
Level of detail
Identifiers
- Formula
- C₂₂H₃₇NO₅
- Molar mass
- 395.50 g·mol⁻¹
- CAS
- -
- PubChem CID
- 35021785
- First described
- Décrit en 1997 par Yu, Ives et Ramesha dans le Journal of Biological Chemistry : ces auteurs ont montré que la cyclo-oxygénase 2 humaine recombinante, contrairement à la cyclo-oxygénase 1, oxygène l'anandamide et en fait majoritairement le PGE2 éthanolamide, aussi bien sur enzyme purifiée que dans des cellules exprimant la COX-2. Le terme « prostamide », qui désigne cette classe de prostaglandines amidifiées, a été popularisé ensuite par l'équipe de D. F. Woodward chez Allergan, dans le sillage des travaux sur le bimatoprost.
- Origin
- An endogenous metabolite, absent from hemp: prostamide E2 is found in no cannabis variety and is not a phytocannabinoid. It is formed in animal tissues from anandamide, in places where cyclo-oxygenase 2 is present or induced, notably during inflammation, in the renal medulla and in the cornea. Its formation has been demonstrated with the recombinant enzyme, in cells expressing COX-2 and in animal tissues, in particular in mice lacking FAAH, where the competing pathway of anandamide hydrolysis is absent. Baseline endogenous concentrations remain very low and difficult to measure.
- InChIKey
- GKKWUSPPIQURFM-XXHBNTRVSA-N
In plain terms
Prostamide E2 is not a hemp molecule: it is a compound that the body makes itself from anandamide, one of its internal cannabinoids, when an enzyme linked to inflammation, COX-2, comes into play. It does not behave like a cannabinoid and produces no high. Research is interested in it in order to understand inflammation and pain, but human data are lacking.
Receptors and activity
- Récepteur prostanoïde EP3pKi 6,70 en liaison sur récepteur humain recombinant (Ross et coll. 2002), contre 9,34 pour la PGE2Agonist
- Récepteur prostanoïde EP2pKi 6,33 en liaison sur récepteur humain recombinant (Ross et coll. 2002), contre 9,03 pour la PGE2Agonist
- Récepteur prostanoïde EP4pKi 6,29 en liaison sur récepteur humain recombinant (Ross et coll. 2002), contre 9,10 pour la PGE2Agonist
- Récepteur prostanoïde EP1pKi 5,61 en liaison sur récepteur humain recombinant (Ross et coll. 2002), contre 8,31 pour la PGE2Agonist
- Site prostamide présuméAgonist
- CB1Agonist
- CB2Agonist
- TRPV1Agonist
- Agonist
- Partial agonist
- Antagonist
- Modulator
- Inverse agonist
Hover over a row for the precise value (Ki, EC50…)
Subjective signature
Hover over an axis to read its definition.
- Calm5
- Clarity4
- Sleep4
- Appetite4
- High4
Editorial estimate, not clinical.
Pharmacology
Prostamide E2 is the main product of the oxygenation of anandamide by cyclo-oxygenase 2, a reaction that cyclo-oxygenase 1 does not catalyse, described in 1997. Unlike its parent molecule, it shows no useful affinity for the CB1 and CB2 receptors, does not activate the TRPV1 channel and interferes neither with FAAH nor with anandamide uptake: amidation of the prostaglandin skeleton by ethanolamine creates a pharmacology of its own. On prostanoid receptors, results diverge between teams, between weak affinities measured at EP1 to EP4, two to three orders of magnitude below those of PGE2, and the absence of significant interaction with recombinant human prostanoid receptors. The dominant hypothesis remains that of distinct "prostamide" sites, firmly established for prostamide F2alpha but still only presumed for prostamide E2. Its poor recognition by 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase and its resistance to hydrolysis give it a longer lifetime than PGE2, which makes an action at a distance from its site of formation plausible. The reported effects, a fall in mean arterial pressure and a rise in renal blood flow in the rat, inhibition of IL-12p40 production in cells, remain animal or cellular observations: physiological relevance in humans is not established and human data are lacking.
Key sources.
- Yu M, Ives D, Ramesha CS. Synthesis of prostaglandin E2 ethanolamide from anandamide by cyclooxygenase-2. J Biol Chem. 1997;272(34):21181-6.PMID 9261124
- Ross RA, Craib SJ, Stevenson LA, et al. Pharmacological characterization of the anandamide cyclooxygenase metabolite: prostaglandin E2 ethanolamide. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2002;301(3):900-7.PMID 12023517
- Matias I, Chen J, De Petrocellis L, et al. Prostaglandin ethanolamides (prostamides): in vitro pharmacology and metabolism. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2004;309(2):745-57.PMID 14757851
- Ritter JK, Li C, Xia M, et al. Production and actions of the anandamide metabolite prostamide E2 in the renal medulla. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2012;342(3):770-9.PMID 22685343
- Correa F, Docagne F, Clemente D, et al. Anandamide inhibits IL-12p40 production by acting on the promoter repressor element GA-12: possible involvement of the COX-2 metabolite prostamide E2. Biochem J. 2008.PMID 17961121
- Ligresti A, Martos J, Wang J, et al. Prostamide F2alpha receptor antagonism combined with inhibition of FAAH may block the pro-inflammatory mediators formed following selective FAAH inhibition. Br J Pharmacol. 2014.PMID 24102214
- Urquhart P, Wang J, Woodward DF, Nicolaou A. Identification of prostamides, fatty acyl ethanolamines, and their biosynthetic precursors in rabbit cornea. J Lipid Res. 2015.PMID 26031663
- Weber A, et al. Formation of prostamides from anandamide in FAAH knockout mice analyzed by HPLC with tandem mass spectrometry. J Lipid Res. 2004.PMID 14729864
- PubChem, composé CID 35021785 (prostaglandin E2 ethanolamide)
- Légifrance, arrêté du 22 février 1990 fixant la liste des substances classées comme stupéfiants, annexe IV
Biosynthetic pathway (in vivo)
Anandamide is oxygenated by cyclo-oxygenase 2, a reaction that cyclo-oxygenase 1 does not catalyse, which yields a PGH2 ethanolamide intermediate. A prostaglandin E synthase then converts this intermediate into prostamide E2. The pathway therefore operates only in tissues where COX-2 is expressed, and it competes directly with the hydrolysis of anandamide by FAAH: blocking FAAH redirects part of the flux towards the prostamides.
Legal framework
France
Prostamide E2 is an endogenous substance, produced by the body itself from anandamide. It is named in no annex of the decree of 22 February 1990 setting the list of substances classified as narcotics. Nor does it fall under the generic clause of annex IV, which covers tetrahydrocannabinols, their esters, their ethers, their salts and the salts of the aforementioned derivatives: prostamide E2 is not a tetrahydrocannabinol and does not chemically derive from one. Its status is therefore that of an unscheduled metabolite, available only as a research reagent and with no consumer use. Not to be confused with bimatoprost, a synthetic analogue of prostamide F2alpha, which does have the status of a prescription medicine.
European Union
No Member State classifies prostamide E2 as a narcotic or psychotropic substance. It appears neither in the international conventions of 1961 and 1971, nor in the INCB lists, nor among the new psychoactive substances monitored by the Early Warning System of the EUDA, formerly the EMCDDA, and it has been the subject of no review by the WHO expert committee. It circulates exclusively as a laboratory reagent. Prostamide analogues developed therapeutically, such as bimatoprost in ophthalmology, fall under pharmaceutical law and not under narcotics legislation.
Sources: EUR-Lex, UNODC, CND, ANSM, IUPHAR/BPS, ChEBI, EUDA. Our method.
Structural classification
- Class
- Endocannabinoid
- Origin
- An endogenous metabolite, absent from hemp: prostamide E2 is found in no cannabis variety and is not a phytocannabinoid. It is formed in animal tissues from anandamide, in places where cyclo-oxygenase 2 is present or induced, notably during inflammation, in the renal medulla and in the cornea. Its formation has been demonstrated with the recombinant enzyme, in cells expressing COX-2 and in animal tissues, in particular in mice lacking FAAH, where the competing pathway of anandamide hydrolysis is absent. Baseline endogenous concentrations remain very low and difficult to measure.
- Status
- Endogenous
Prostaglandine E2 amidifiée en position C1 par l'éthanolamine, soit une prostaglandine éthanolamide de la famille des prostamides. Le squelette reste celui d'un éicosanoïde à cycle cyclopentanone portant une chaîne oméga hydroxylée, la neutralité électrique de la fonction amide remplaçant l'acide carboxylique libre de la PGE2.
Pharmacokinetics
Aucune donnée de pharmacocinétique humaine. Chez l'animal, la fonction éthanolamide en C1 gêne l'oxydation par la 15-hydroxyprostaglandine déshydrogénase, si bien que le prostamide E2 persiste nettement plus longtemps que la PGE2 : il reste détectable dans le plasma de rat plusieurs heures après administration, avec une demi-vie d'élimination supérieure à celle de la prostaglandine correspondante. Administré par voie intraveineuse chez le rat, il abaisse la pression artérielle moyenne et augmente le débit sanguin rénal. Cette stabilité relative rend plausible une action à distance du site de formation, mais aucune étude clinique n'existe.
Metabolism
Le prostamide E2 est un très mauvais substrat de la FAAH et n'est pratiquement pas reconverti en PGE2 libre : la conversion en prostaglandines reste inférieure à quelques pour cent après incubation prolongée avec des homogénats tissulaires. Il est également mal reconnu par la 15-hydroxyprostaglandine déshydrogénase, l'enzyme qui inactive habituellement les prostaglandines, ce qui explique sa persistance relative. Il n'inhibe pas la dégradation ni la recapture de l'anandamide. Les voies d'élimination terminales chez l'humain ne sont pas décrites.
Toxicology and risks
Aucune donnée de toxicologie humaine. Le prostamide E2 n'est pas un produit de consommation : c'est un métabolite endogène et un réactif de laboratoire, sans usage récréatif documenté, sans cas d'intoxication rapporté et sans signalement de réduction des risques. Les travaux animaux relèvent surtout des effets cardiovasculaires, baisse de la pression artérielle moyenne et hausse du débit sanguin rénal chez le rat, ainsi qu'une possible contribution à la transmission de la douleur inflammatoire, décrite surtout pour le prostamide F2alpha voisin lors de l'inhibition de la FAAH. Aucune étude de toxicité réglementaire n'a été publiée et les données humaines manquent.
Detection and analysis
Le dosage repose sur la chromatographie liquide couplée à la spectrométrie de masse en tandem, avec des transitions de fragmentation spécifiques permettant de distinguer le prostamide E2 de la PGE2 libre et des autres prostamides. Les niveaux endogènes de base sont très faibles et souvent sous la limite de détection : dans la cornée de lapin, les prostamides ne deviennent mesurables qu'après apport d'anandamide, et chez la souris les concentrations tissulaires augmentent surtout en l'absence de FAAH. La molécule ne présente aucun intérêt en toxicologie médico-légale et ne figure dans aucun panel de dépistage.
References
- 1.Yu M, Ives D, Ramesha CS. Synthesis of prostaglandin E2 ethanolamide from anandamide by cyclooxygenase-2. J Biol Chem. 1997;272(34):21181-6.PMID 9261124
- 2.Ross RA, Craib SJ, Stevenson LA, et al. Pharmacological characterization of the anandamide cyclooxygenase metabolite: prostaglandin E2 ethanolamide. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2002;301(3):900-7.PMID 12023517
- 3.Matias I, Chen J, De Petrocellis L, et al. Prostaglandin ethanolamides (prostamides): in vitro pharmacology and metabolism. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2004;309(2):745-57.PMID 14757851
- 4.Ritter JK, Li C, Xia M, et al. Production and actions of the anandamide metabolite prostamide E2 in the renal medulla. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2012;342(3):770-9.PMID 22685343
- 5.Correa F, Docagne F, Clemente D, et al. Anandamide inhibits IL-12p40 production by acting on the promoter repressor element GA-12: possible involvement of the COX-2 metabolite prostamide E2. Biochem J. 2008.PMID 17961121
- 6.Ligresti A, Martos J, Wang J, et al. Prostamide F2alpha receptor antagonism combined with inhibition of FAAH may block the pro-inflammatory mediators formed following selective FAAH inhibition. Br J Pharmacol. 2014.PMID 24102214
- 7.Urquhart P, Wang J, Woodward DF, Nicolaou A. Identification of prostamides, fatty acyl ethanolamines, and their biosynthetic precursors in rabbit cornea. J Lipid Res. 2015.PMID 26031663
- 8.Weber A, et al. Formation of prostamides from anandamide in FAAH knockout mice analyzed by HPLC with tandem mass spectrometry. J Lipid Res. 2004.PMID 14729864
- 9.PubChem, composé CID 35021785 (prostaglandin E2 ethanolamide)
- 10.Légifrance, arrêté du 22 février 1990 fixant la liste des substances classées comme stupéfiants, annexe IV
Structured data
- InChIKey
- GKKWUSPPIQURFM-XXHBNTRVSA-N
- SMILES
- CCCCC[C@@H](/C=C/[C@H]1[C@H](CC(=O)[C@@H]1C/C=C\CCCC(=O)NCCO)O)O
- Formula
- C22H37NO5
- Molar mass
- 395.50 g·mol⁻¹
- PubChem CID
- 35021785
LLM ingestion format: a structured superset of the entry (identifiers, binding, versioned legal status). Full corpus.